http://wiki.dtonline.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=DT+Online 2026-06-03T22:10:40Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.8 http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Jony_Ive&diff=11393 2025-02-24T14:49:40Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:JonyIve.jpg|300px|right|Jony Ive's Desert Island Discs screenshot|link=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Sir Jony Ive=====<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jony_Ive '''Sir Jonathan Paul Ive'''] (born 27 February 1967) is a British-American designer. He is best known for his work at Apple Inc., where he was senior vice president of industrial design and chief design officer. He has been chancellor of the Royal College of Art in London since 2017.<br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf '''Jony Ive’s Desert Island Discs on Sunday 23rd February 2025 - ''']a great listen for all who are involved in Design and Technology Education and a tribute to his dad, Mike, to whom many of us owe a great deal.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Jony_Ive&diff=11392 2025-02-24T14:31:27Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:JonyIve.JPG|300px|right|Jony Ive's Desert Island Discs screenshot|link=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Sir Jony Ive=====<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jony_Ive '''Sir Jonathan Paul Ive'''] (born 27 February 1967) is a British-American designer. He is best known for his work at Apple Inc., where he was senior vice president of industrial design and chief design officer. He has been chancellor of the Royal College of Art in London since 2017.<br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf '''Jony Ive’s Desert Island Discs on Sunday 23rd February 2025 - ''']a great listen for all who are involved in Design and Technology Education and a tribute to his dad, Mike, to whom many of us owe a great deal.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Jony_Ive&diff=11391 2025-02-24T14:30:42Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:JonyIve.JPG|300px|right|Jony Ive's Desert Island Discs screenshot|link=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Sir Jony Ive=====<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jony_Ive '''Sir Jonathan Paul Ive'''] (born 27 February 1967) is a British-American designer. He is best known for his work at Apple Inc., where he was senior vice president of industrial design and chief design officer. He has been chancellor of the Royal College of Art in London since 2017.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf '''Jony Ive’s Desert Island Discs on Sunday 23rd February 2025 - ''']a great listen for all who are involved in Design and Technology Education and a tribute to his dad, Mike, to whom many of us owe a great deal.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Jony_Ive&diff=11390 2025-02-24T14:25:08Z

<p>DT Online: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:JonyIve.JPG|300px|right|Jony Ive's Desert Island Discs screenshot|link=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf '''Jony Ive’s Desert Island Discs on Sunday 23rd February 2025 - ''']a great listen for all who are involved in Design and Technology Education and a tribute to his dad, Mike, to whom many of us owe a great deal.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Jony_Ive&diff=11389 2025-02-24T14:24:29Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:JonyIve.JPG|300px|right|Jony Ive's Desert Island Discs screenshot|link=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf '''Jony Ive’s Desert Island Discs on Sunday 23rd February 2025 - ''']a great listen for all who are involved in Design and Technology Education and a tribute to his dad, Mike, to who many of us owe a great deal.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:JonyIve.jpg&diff=11388 2025-02-24T14:11:24Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Jony Ive Desert Island Discs</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Jony_Ive&diff=11387 2025-02-24T14:09:32Z

<p>DT Online: Created page with &quot;link=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf __TOC__ =====Description===== Jony Ive’s Desert Island Discs on Sunday 23rd February 2025 - a great listen for all who are involved in Design and Technology Education and a tribute to his dad, Mike, to who many of us owe a great deal. Category:Web Sites&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:JonyIve.JPG|300px|right|Jony Ive's Desert Island Discs screenshot|link=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m00289vf]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> Jony Ive’s Desert Island Discs on Sunday 23rd February 2025 - a great listen for all who are involved in Design and Technology Education and a tribute to his dad, Mike, to who many of us owe a great deal.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:JonyIve.jpg&diff=11386 2025-02-24T13:58:23Z

<p>DT Online: Jony Ive&#039;s Desert Island Discs</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Jony Ive's Desert Island Discs</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Thumb_Craftsmanspace_Logo.jpg&diff=11384 2024-12-13T09:05:29Z

<p>DT Online: DT Online uploaded a new version of File:Thumb Craftsmanspace Logo.jpg</p> <hr /> <div>Craftsmanspace<br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Thumb_Craftsmanspace_Logo.jpg&diff=11383 2024-12-13T09:04:41Z

<p>DT Online: DT Online uploaded a new version of File:Thumb Craftsmanspace Logo.jpg</p> <hr /> <div>Craftsmanspace<br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Thumb_Craftsmanspace_Logo.jpg&diff=11382 2024-12-13T08:51:57Z

<p>DT Online: DT Online reverted File:Thumb Craftsmanspace Logo.jpg to an old version</p> <hr /> <div>Craftsmanspace<br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Thumb_Craftsmanspace_Logo.jpg&diff=11381 2024-12-13T08:49:53Z

<p>DT Online: DT Online uploaded a new version of File:Thumb Craftsmanspace Logo.jpg</p> <hr /> <div>Craftsmanspace<br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Thumb_Craftsmanspace_Logo.jpg&diff=11380 2024-12-13T08:46:46Z

<p>DT Online: DT Online reverted File:Thumb Craftsmanspace Logo.jpg to an old version</p> <hr /> <div>Craftsmanspace<br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Thumb_Craftsmanspace_Logo.jpg&diff=11379 2024-12-13T08:38:23Z

<p>DT Online: DT Online uploaded a new version of File:Thumb Craftsmanspace Logo.jpg</p> <hr /> <div>Craftsmanspace<br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=HSE&diff=11375 2024-12-12T18:47:13Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Hselogo.png|300px|right|Health and Safety Executive|link=https://www.hse.gov.uk/education/index.htm]]<br /> The [https://www.hse.gov.uk/education/sensible-leadership/sensible.htm '''Health and Safety Executive (HSE)'''] website includes coverage for schools ''(state funded and independent)'', further education establishments and higher education institutions.<br /> <br /> <br /> Guidance on managing the significant risks in the sector for pupils and members of staff is included. The site makes clear that a sensible approach to risk management is essential.<br /> <br /> <br /> The section [https://www.hse.gov.uk/education/sensible-leadership/index.htm '''Sensible health and safety management in schools'''] is essential reading for those responsible for managing health and safety in schools to strike the right balance, so that the real risks are managed and learning opportunities are experienced to the full. Sensible health and safety management should be straightforward, it's just part of good school leadership.<br /> <br /> <br /> The [https://www.hse.gov.uk/education/publications.htm'''HSE Guidance and Publications'''] includes advice on:<br /> * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/edis1.htm '''Accident Reporting''']<br /> * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/education/publications.htm#a7 '''Hazardous substances / COSHH''']<br /> * [https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg65.htm'''Health and safety management''']<br /> <br /> . . . and other titles of relevance to '''[[Design and Technology]]'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''HSE''' website includes a section on [https://www.hse.gov.uk/work-equipment-machinery/puwer.htm '''Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)'''] and a series of free safety information sheets can downloaded as PDFs from [https://www.hse.gov.uk/work-equipment-machinery/ '''Working with machinery'''].<br /> <br /> <br /> There is also a [https://www.hse.gov.uk/risk/classroom-checklist.htm '''HSE Classroom Checklist'''] available as a free to download PDF which is suitable for general classroom use but where more specialist equipment and/or substances are in use ''(e.g. in a workshop)'', risk assessment and management appropriate to the activities should be in place..<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]<br /> [[Category:Terminology]]<br /> [[Category:Health and Safety]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities&diff=11374 2024-12-12T18:18:37Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.JPG|200px|right|link=https://archive.org/details/adictionarygree00marigoog/mode/2up]]<br /> '''William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.:'''<br /> <br /> <br /> [https://archive.org/details/adictionarygree00marigoog/mode/2up '''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities''']<br /> <br /> <br /> '''John Murray, London, 1875'''<br /> <br /> <br /> This single volume, of 1294 pages in rather fine print set in two columns and amounting to well over a million words, is a treasure trove of information on the ancient world, and was for many years a standard reference work, carried through several British and American editions from the first in 1842 to the last in 1890‑91 with relatively few alterations. It shares one of its selling points with the Web: many illustrations. They are woodcuts, but often rather good ones, and sometimes clearer than photographs could be. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]<br /> [[Category:The Romans]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Google_Cardboard&diff=11373 2024-12-12T17:59:56Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:GoogleCardboard.jpg|200px|right|Google Cardboard|link=http://www.google.co.uk/get/cardboard/get-cardboard/]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> <br /> [https://arvr.google.com/cardboard/ '''Google Cardboard'''] is a project that lets you turn any Android 4.1+ phone or iPhone into a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality '''Virtual Reality (VR)'''] headset!<br /> <br /> <br /> Low-cost kits or ready-made viewers can be purchased.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Features and Applications=====<br /> <br /> [http://play.google.com/store/search?q=cardboard&amp;c=apps&amp;hl=en_GB '''Google Play'''] provides access to the free [http://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.samples.apps.cardboarddemo&amp;hl=en_GB '''Cardboard'''] app to set up a viewer and play sample VR videos.<br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:''' Make your own modern smartphone version of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era Victorian] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscope '''Stereoscope'''] and personalise it by adding your own graphics.<br /> &lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> {{Google Cardboard Buyers Guide}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]<br /> [[Category:Graphics and Modelling Tasks]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Group_Sizes_for_D%26T_in_Secondary_Schools&diff=11372 2024-09-28T13:29:08Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''[[Design and Technology]]''' in secondary schools has evolved against an established custom and practice of a maximum group size of 20. In modern Design and Technology teaching there is a clear tendency towards smaller scale work in a broader range of lighter materials. There remains however, the need to create a safe working environment for children and to take the management decisions most likely to promote high standards.<br /> <br /> <br /> Heads of Department must exercise responsibility appropriate to their position as part of the management structure in a school. They should provide senior managers with specialist advice and be mindful of whole school issues that may impinge upon their particular needs and circumstances. It would be too simplistic therefore to demand adherence to some arbitrary figure for the maximum number of pupils in a D&amp;T lesson. A more intelligent approach is to consider the various arguments, assess the risk and then identify a strategy to deal with situations that may be deemed unsatisfactory.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====The Curriculum Argument=====<br /> <br /> Annual reports from HMI and Ofsted have noted the difficulties experienced by teachers when group sizes increase. They refer to the problem of providing sufficient resources, including the time a teacher can spend with each pupil and the limitations this places on practical work. It is self-evident that a large examination group cannot get the same support for individual major projects as a smaller group for example.<br /> <br /> <br /> Schools will care too much about providing all children with their full curriculum entitlement to want to tolerate such an impediment to the development of high standards. The emphasis of Design and Technology work in schools is on designing and making through work that is practical and increasingly individual. If the programme of work is planned to provide each pupil with an appropriately varied design and make experience, the level of teacher involvement with a class of 20 pupils is a demanding one even for an experienced and well-qualified specialist teacher.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====The Health and Safety Argument=====<br /> <br /> There may be no current statute that sets out the maximum class size for design and technology but the health and safety arguments are no less robust. All employers, including Headteachers and governing bodies, have a common law duty of care. Responsibility for determining the number of pupils in a D&amp;T class rests with the Headteacher who must make a professional judgement and assess any risks. Teachers however, have a duty to inform their managers if they believe a situation to be unsafe and, provided that the teacher is deemed competent, the Headteacher is required to listen to the advice given before exercising judgement. Discussion should result in agreement on matters such as class size through the normal school policy formulating procedures. Agreeing to disagree is not a solution and would not stand up in law.<br /> <br /> <br /> Once pupils are in the workshop, or other practical area, it is the responsibility of the teacher to ensure they are properly supervised. As far as is practicable, the teacher must have good sight lines to potentially hazardous equipment and should have good access to emergency switches. The exact number of pupils a teacher might reasonable expect to teach together in a workshop will depend on factors including:<br /> <br /> * the size of the room,<br /> * the nature of the equipment,<br /> * the age and nature of the pupils,<br /> * the range of work to be undertaken.<br /> <br /> Where a room is below the recommended size the class size may have to be reduced to achieve a safe practical working environment. This might apply also where the activities being carried out are very demanding of space, such as at KS4, or where the pupils are particularly 'unstable'.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====The Accommodation Argument=====<br /> <br /> Many existing D&amp;T rooms will have been built to previous standards, which assumed group sizes of 20, and more modern standards continue to assume a similar figure. DfEE guidance usefully makes some distinction between the various aspects of design and technology. This could provide some flexibility for managers when organising teaching groups to maintain low numbers at least in the critical areas.<br /> <br /> <br /> The DfEE publication 'Design and Technology Accommodation in Secondary Schools' ''(Building Bulletin 81, 1996)'' points out the ''‘scale of equipment and machinery is a major influence’'' on the size of spaces and illustrates the following:<br /> <br /> * spaces of 80-85m² for groups of up to 21 pupils doing small scale practical activities such as textiles or graphics;<br /> * spaces of 100-105m² for groups of up to 21 pupils involved in larger scale activities such as making with wood, metal and plastics or working with food.<br /> <br /> Although not specifically linked to educational establishments, the 'Health and Safety Commission's (HSC) Workplace Health, Safety and Welfare Approved Code of Practice&quot; (1992) provides a useful alternative guide to judge if spaces are large enough for a given group size:<br /> <br /> <br /> ‘‘The total volume of a room, when empty, divided by the number of people normally working in it should be at least 11 cubic metres. In making this calculation a room or part of a room which is more than 3.0m high should be counted as 3.0m high. The figures of 11 cubic metres per person is a minimum and would be insufficient if, for example, much of the room is taken up by furniture’’. ''(para. 7 reg. 10: Room dimensions and space p.14)''<br /> <br /> <br /> It is clear that in a D&amp;T room much of the space is indeed taken up by furniture and, in many cases, potentially dangerous machinery. Schools where group sizes exceed 25, even if in large 90m² rooms that are empty of furniture and equipment, would clearly be in breach of this regulation if they were to be regarded as workplaces.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====A Strategy=====<br /> <br /> A starting point for D&amp;T managers is first to calculate the sizes of the spaces available and check they are suitable for the range of activities intended with a full class of pupils. If, as a consequence, group sizes are judged too large and this cannot be changed, a teacher's only recourse will be to review the courses being offered in terms of range of work covered, the degree of prescription necessary and the type of equipment permitted.<br /> <br /> <br /> This is not to advocate a prescriptive scheme of work as a first approach but rather as a last resort for those teachers who may find themselves in otherwise impossible circumstances. Some of the consequent compromises may prove difficult to defend in terms of national curriculum coverage and pupils' entitlement, but teachers cannot be advised to expose children to a situation which they genuinely believe is dangerous.<br /> <br /> <br /> To maintain group sizes to an acceptable number, some departments have been able to prioritise those areas where group size is most critical by organising graphics alongside food or workshop based groups for example. Others have accepted maximum size groups at KS3 which releases staff to reduce the size of examination sets.<br /> <br /> <br /> Where the problem is lack of accommodation rather than staff, some schools are considering ICT sessions, running alongside D&amp;T, and through which groups of pupils are rotated. This at first sight may appear to reduce the D&amp;T entitlement but this need not be the case if the ICT work is an integral part of the D&amp;T course.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====References=====<br /> <br /> # '''Maximum number of pupils taught within Design and Technology workshops and studios'''<br /> See : https://www.designtechnology.org.uk/for-education/health-and-safety/maximum-number-of-pupils-taught-within-dt-workshops-and-studios/<br /> # '''Building Bulletin 81 - Design and Technology Accommodation in Secondary Schools - A Design Guide'''<br /> See : http://science.cleapss.org.uk/Resource/Building-Bulletin-81-Design-Technology.pdf<br /> # '''GL171 - Using Model Risk Assessments in D&amp;T - CLEAPSS'''<br /> See : https://dt.cleapss.org.uk/Resource/GL171-Using-Model-Risk-Assessments-in-D-T.aspx<br /> <br /> <br /> Geoff Howard : 24th April 2001<br /> <br /> Senior Adviser<br /> <br /> NAAIDT Past President.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Management and Planning]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:DT-GroupSize.pdf&diff=11371 2024-09-28T13:20:16Z

<p>DT Online: Group Sizes for Design and Technology in Secondary Schools</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Group Sizes for Design and Technology in Secondary Schools</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Digital_Sundial&diff=11370 2023-10-04T11:53:22Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> {{#ev:youtube|OkLQgWgbFts|450|right||frame|loop=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;playlist=OkLQgWgbFts}}<br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> <br /> <br /> A Digital Sundial by [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1068443 '''Mojoptics'''] displaying the time inside its shadow, with actual digits ! There is a tiny bit of magic inside...<br /> <br /> <br /> No batteries, no motor, no electronics... It's all just a really super-fancy shadow show. The shape of the sundial has been mathematically designed to only let through the right sunrays at the right time/angle. This allows to display the actual time with sunlit digits inside the sundial's shadow.<br /> <br /> <br /> The sundial displays time (with actual digits !!) from 10:00 until 16:00, updating every 20 minutes.<br /> You can precisely adjust the displayed time simply by rotating the gnomon (the magic box that displays time). So you can even adjust for Daylight Saving Time.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====3D Printer Files=====<br /> <br /> <br /> If you have access to a 3D printer, the source files can be downloaded at [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1068443/files '''Thingiverse''']. Alternatively, you can buy a ready-assembled version from [https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/1064054059/digital-sundial '''Etsy'''].<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Videos=====<br /> <br /> <br /> {{#ev:youtube|wrsje5It_UU|560x315|center||frame|loop=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;playlist=wrsje5It_UU}}<br /> <br /> ----<br /> [[File:SundialRio.jpg|150px|right|Sundial seen in a garden in Rio de Janiero|link=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=332563685966107&amp;set=a.174459198443224]]<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''<br /> *Could something similar be constructed, perhaps showing hours only, simply by drilling holes through a length of bar?<br /> *Could the same technique be used to display messages or symbols instead?<br /> *Can you think of a simpler way of making a digital sundial?<br /> &lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> {{Sundials Buyers Guide}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Topics, Projects and Tasks]]<br /> [[Category:Manufacturing Projects]]<br /> [[Category:Sundials]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Digital_Sundial&diff=11369 2023-10-04T07:33:18Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> {{#ev:youtube|OkLQgWgbFts|450|right||frame|loop=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;playlist=OkLQgWgbFts}}<br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> <br /> <br /> A Digital Sundial by [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1068443 '''Mojoptics'''] displaying the time inside its shadow, with actual digits ! There is a tiny bit of magic inside...<br /> <br /> <br /> No batteries, no motor, no electronics... It's all just a really super-fancy shadow show. The shape of the sundial has been mathematically designed to only let through the right sunrays at the right time/angle. This allows to display the actual time with sunlit digits inside the sundial's shadow.<br /> <br /> <br /> The sundial displays time (with actual digits !!) from 10:00 until 16:00, updating every 20 minutes.<br /> You can precisely adjust the displayed time simply by rotating the gnomon (the magic box that displays time). So you can even adjust for Daylight Saving Time.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====3D Printer Files=====<br /> <br /> <br /> If you have access to a 3D printer, the source files can be downloaded at [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1068443/files '''Thingiverse''']. Alternatively, you can buy a ready-assembled version from [https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/1064054059/digital-sundial '''Etsy'''].<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Videos=====<br /> <br /> <br /> {{#ev:youtube|wrsje5It_UU|560x315|center||frame|loop=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;playlist=wrsje5It_UU https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=332563685966107&amp;set=a.174459198443224}}<br /> <br /> ----<br /> [[File:SundialRio.jpg|150px|right|Sundial seen in a garden in Rio de Janiero|link=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=332563685966107&amp;set=a.174459198443224]]<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''<br /> *Could something similar be constructed, perhaps showing hours only, simply by drilling holes through a length of bar?<br /> *Could the same technique be used to display messages or symbols instead?<br /> *Can you think of a simpler way of making a digital sundial?<br /> &lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> {{Sundials Buyers Guide}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Topics, Projects and Tasks]]<br /> [[Category:Manufacturing Projects]]<br /> [[Category:Sundials]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:SundialRio.jpg&diff=11368 2023-10-04T07:18:08Z

<p>DT Online: Sundial seen in a garden in Rio de Janiero</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Sundial seen in a garden in Rio de Janiero</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Digital_Sundial&diff=11367 2023-01-04T12:12:02Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> {{#ev:youtube|OkLQgWgbFts|450|right||frame|loop=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;playlist=OkLQgWgbFts}}<br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> <br /> <br /> A Digital Sundial by [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1068443 '''Mojoptics'''] displaying the time inside its shadow, with actual digits ! There is a tiny bit of magic inside...<br /> <br /> <br /> No batteries, no motor, no electronics... It's all just a really super-fancy shadow show. The shape of the sundial has been mathematically designed to only let through the right sunrays at the right time/angle. This allows to display the actual time with sunlit digits inside the sundial's shadow.<br /> <br /> <br /> The sundial displays time (with actual digits !!) from 10:00 until 16:00, updating every 20 minutes.<br /> You can precisely adjust the displayed time simply by rotating the gnomon (the magic box that displays time). So you can even adjust for Daylight Saving Time.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====3D Printer Files=====<br /> <br /> <br /> If you have access to a 3D printer, the source files can be downloaded at [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1068443/files '''Thingiverse''']. Alternatively, you can buy a ready-assembled version from [https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/1064054059/digital-sundial '''Etsy'''].<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Videos=====<br /> <br /> <br /> {{#ev:youtube|wrsje5It_UU|560x315|center||frame|loop=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;playlist=wrsje5It_UU}}<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''<br /> *Could something similar be constructed, perhaps showing hours only, simply by drilling holes through a length of bar?<br /> *Could the same technique be used to display messages or symbols instead?<br /> &lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> {{Sundials Buyers Guide}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Topics, Projects and Tasks]]<br /> [[Category:Manufacturing Projects]]<br /> [[Category:Sundials]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Digital_Sundial&diff=11366 2023-01-04T12:08:36Z

<p>DT Online: Created page with &quot; {{#ev:youtube|OkLQgWgbFts|450|right||frame|loop=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;playlist=OkLQgWgbFts}} __TOC__ =====Description===== A Digital Sundial by [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> {{#ev:youtube|OkLQgWgbFts|450|right||frame|loop=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;playlist=OkLQgWgbFts}}<br /> <br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> <br /> <br /> A Digital Sundial by [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1068443 '''Mojoptics'''] displaying the time inside its shadow, with actual digits ! There is a tiny bit of magic inside...<br /> <br /> <br /> No batteries, no motor, no electronics... It's all just a really super-fancy shadow show. The shape of the sundial has been mathematically designed to only let through the right sunrays at the right time/angle. This allows to display the actual time with sunlit digits inside the sundial's shadow.<br /> <br /> <br /> The sundial displays time (with actual digits !!) from 10:00 until 16:00, updating every 20 minutes.<br /> You can precisely adjust the displayed time simply by rotating the gnomon (the magic box that displays time). So you can even adjust for Daylight Saving Time.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====3D Printer Files=====<br /> <br /> <br /> If you have access to a 3D printer, the source files can be downloaded at [https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1068443/files '''Thingiverse''']. Alternatively, you can buy a ready-assembled version from [https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/1064054059/digital-sundial '''Etsy'''].<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Videos=====<br /> <br /> <br /> {{#ev:youtube|wrsje5It_UU|560x315|center||frame|loop=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;playlist=wrsje5It_UU}}<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''<br /> *Could something similar be constructed, perhaps showing hours only, simply by drilling holes through a length of bar?<br /> *Could the same technique be used to display messages or symbols instead?<br /> &lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> {{Sundials Buyers Guide}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Sundials]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:DigitalSundial.jpeg&diff=11365 2023-01-04T10:52:59Z

<p>DT Online: Mojoptics Digital Sundial</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Mojoptics Digital Sundial</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Matthew_Reinhart_Pop-Ups&diff=11364 2022-03-30T07:48:38Z

<p>DT Online: Created page with &quot;link=http://www.matthewreinhart.com/diy-pop-ups/ __TOC__ =====Description===== [http://www.matthe...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Matthew Reinhart Pop-Ups.png|500px|right|Matthew Reinhart Pop-Ups|link=http://www.matthewreinhart.com/diy-pop-ups/]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> <br /> [http://www.matthewreinhart.com/diy-pop-ups/ '''Matthew Reinhart Pop-Ups'''] is an excellent resource for anyone who wishes to make pop-ip cards for any occasion. The DIY section of this website includes the following:<br /> <br /> * [http://www.matthewreinhart.com/pop-up-templates/ '''Templates'''] : If you’re good at following directions, you’ll be a pop-up wizard after you’ve used these simple pop-up templates.<br /> <br /> * [http://www.matthewreinhart.com/pop-up-tutorials/ '''Tutorials'''] - Are you up to the pop-up challenge? Do it yourself and build pop-ups with the help of expert Matthew Reinhart!<br /> <br /> * [http://www.matthewreinhart.com/pop-up-master-class/ '''Master Class'''] - Welcome to the Pop-Up Master Class with your enthusiastic but occasionally forgetful professor, Matthew Reinhart!<br /> <br /> * [http://www.matthewreinhart.com/everything-else/ '''Everything Else'''] - Check out these videos starring Matthew Reinhart and make your very own pop-up masterpieces.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {{Graphics Buyers Guide}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]<br /> [[Category:Graphics]]<br /> [[Category:Skills and Processes]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Matthew_Reinhart_Pop-Ups.png&diff=11363 2022-03-30T07:34:29Z

<p>DT Online: Do it yourself, and build pop-up crafts with the help of an expert, Matthew Reinhart.</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Do it yourself, and build pop-up crafts with the help of an expert, Matthew Reinhart.</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:BlockingHammer.png&diff=11359 2021-08-27T19:04:05Z

<p>DT Online: DT Online uploaded a new version of File:BlockingHammer.png</p> <hr /> <div>Blocking Hammer<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Hammers]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Sinking.png&diff=11358 2021-08-27T18:55:39Z

<p>DT Online: DT Online uploaded a new version of File:Sinking.png</p> <hr /> <div>Sinking process<br /> <br /> [[Category:Beaten Metalwork]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Dagger_Tools&diff=11357 2021-08-25T11:00:50Z

<p>DT Online: Created page with &quot;link=https://www.daggertools.com/ [https://www.daggertools.com/ &#039;&#039;&#039;Dagger Tools&#039;&#039;&#039;] Dagger Tools is a unique and dynamic brand of shap...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:DaggerTools.jpg |700px|right|link=https://www.daggertools.com/]]<br /> <br /> [https://www.daggertools.com/ '''Dagger Tools''']<br /> <br /> <br /> Dagger Tools is a unique and dynamic brand of shaping and fabrication tools for metal fabrication and metal shaping since 2004. <br /> <br /> <br /> Here at Dagger Tools we have stayed committed to producing a large share of our products right here in our home state of Michigan. And committed to be the very best at what we do, the manufacture of tools for metal shaping and auto body repair and restoration. <br /> <br /> <br /> In creating Dagger Tools a seasoned aerospace professional with over 45 years of design, manufacturing and distribution experience in building metal working specialty tools, partnered to enhance existing products and develop new products that meet the needs of today's metal working pro.<br /> <br /> <br /> Whether you are a weekend hobbyist, professional fabricator or metal sculptor our tools are suitable for all your shaping needs. Throughout the years we have teamed with several master metal workers worldwide to either help develop their ideas into a marketable product or to continuously improve upon our own initial designs. We provide quality designed tools, inventoried product with the most competitive pricing! <br /> <br /> <br /> We can help you with the tough “How to” questions unlike any other manufacture/seller in today’s marketplace.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Secondary]]<br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]<br /> [[Category:Mechanisms]]<br /> [[Category:Electronics and Control]]<br /> [[Category:Structures]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:DaggerTools.jpg&diff=11356 2021-08-25T10:58:03Z

<p>DT Online: Dagger Tools banner Category:Web Sites</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Dagger Tools banner<br /> [[Category:Web Sites]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Sundial_Design_Tools&diff=11355 2021-05-22T07:57:42Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SundialCalculator.png|300px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> <br /> '''DT Online''' has created online tools to help calculate the '''Hour Lines''' for different '''Sundial''' types. They are:<br /> * [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1KqtSFP4Xxz4WlwKROGcv7w-YDGwW_7bGwek0IqSSgTk/edit#gid=2035122671 '''Sundial Calculator'''] - a Google Sheet ''(Google account needed for editing)''<br /> * '''[[Horizontal Sundial Designer]]''' - '''[[CAD|Parametric]]''' design tool.<br /> * '''[[Vertical Sundial Designer]]''' - '''[[CAD|Parametric]]''' design tool.<br /> * '''[[Polar Sundial Designer]]''' - '''[[CAD|Parametric]]''' design tool.<br /> <br /> See '''[[Packaging Designer User Guide]]''' for further information.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Features and Applications=====<br /> <br /> The '''DT Online Design Tools''' will calculate either the number of degrees to measure the '''Hour Line''' angle away from the Noon position or the distance away from it as appropriate to the type of '''Sundial'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:HourLines.png|750px|center]]<br /> <br /> <br /> * The '''Google Sheets''' [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1KqtSFP4Xxz4WlwKROGcv7w-YDGwW_7bGwek0IqSSgTk/edit#gid=2035122671 '''Sundial Calculator'''] accepts the Sundial location '''[[Latitude]]''' as the main input and returns values for all '''Hour Lines''' as follows:<br /> ** for Horizontal and Vertical Sundials, the number of degrees each one falls away from the central Noon line;<br /> ** for Polar Sundials, the distances along the '''Dial Plate''' of each '''Hour LIne''' for a given height of '''[[Sundials and Gnomons|Gnomon]]'''.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: green&quot;&gt;'''Note:'''<br /> In order to use the Google Sheets, you need to be logged in to a google account. You can then click on 'Make A Copy' from the 'File' menu to give you a spreadsheet you can work on.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> * The '''[[Horizontal Sundial Designer|Horizontal]]''' and '''[[Vertical Sundial Designer|Vertical Sundial Designers]]''' accept the Sundial location '''[[Latitude]]''' and your chosen dimensions for the completed '''Dial Plate''' as inputs and output the following:<br /> ** a table showing the number of degrees each '''Hour Line''' falls away from the central Noon line;<br /> ** a CAD drawing of the resulting '''Dial Plate''' which can be used as a '''[[Template]]'''.<br /> * The '''[[Polar Sundial Designer]]''' offers a choice of either a '''Flat Dial Plate''' or a '''Curved Dial Plate''' and a table which enables inputs of your chosen dimensions for the completed '''Dial Plate''' ''(e.g. Gnomon height, width of plate, radius of curvature for curved plate option)'' and outputs the following:<br /> ** a table showing the distances each '''Hour Line''' away from the central Noon line;<br /> ** CAD drawings of elevations of the resulting '''Dial Plates''' plus '''[[Template|Templates]]''' which can be used to transfer the '''Hour Lines''' on to your chosen material ''(note that curved plates can provide for a greater range of hours)''.<br /> <br /> {{Sundials Buyers Guide}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sundials]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Sundial_Design_Tools&diff=11354 2021-05-22T07:56:41Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SundialCalculator.png|300px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Description=====<br /> <br /> '''DT Online''' has created online tools to help calculate the '''Hour Lines''' for different '''Sundial''' types. They are:<br /> * [http://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1KqtSFP4Xxz4WlwKROGcv7w-YDGwW_7bGwek0IqSSgTk/edit?usp=sharing '''Sundial Calculator'''] - a Google Sheet ''(Google account needed for editing)''<br /> * '''[[Horizontal Sundial Designer]]''' - '''[[CAD|Parametric]]''' design tool.<br /> * '''[[Vertical Sundial Designer]]''' - '''[[CAD|Parametric]]''' design tool.<br /> * '''[[Polar Sundial Designer]]''' - '''[[CAD|Parametric]]''' design tool.<br /> <br /> See '''[[Packaging Designer User Guide]]''' for further information.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Features and Applications=====<br /> <br /> The '''DT Online Design Tools''' will calculate either the number of degrees to measure the '''Hour Line''' angle away from the Noon position or the distance away from it as appropriate to the type of '''Sundial'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:HourLines.png|750px|center]]<br /> <br /> <br /> * The '''Google Sheets''' [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1KqtSFP4Xxz4WlwKROGcv7w-YDGwW_7bGwek0IqSSgTk/edit#gid=2035122671 '''Sundial Calculator'''] accepts the Sundial location '''[[Latitude]]''' as the main input and returns values for all '''Hour Lines''' as follows:<br /> ** for Horizontal and Vertical Sundials, the number of degrees each one falls away from the central Noon line;<br /> ** for Polar Sundials, the distances along the '''Dial Plate''' of each '''Hour LIne''' for a given height of '''[[Sundials and Gnomons|Gnomon]]'''.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: green&quot;&gt;'''Note:'''<br /> In order to use the Google Sheets, you need to be logged in to a google account. You can then click on 'Make A Copy' from the 'File' menu to give you a spreadsheet you can work on.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> * The '''[[Horizontal Sundial Designer|Horizontal]]''' and '''[[Vertical Sundial Designer|Vertical Sundial Designers]]''' accept the Sundial location '''[[Latitude]]''' and your chosen dimensions for the completed '''Dial Plate''' as inputs and output the following:<br /> ** a table showing the number of degrees each '''Hour Line''' falls away from the central Noon line;<br /> ** a CAD drawing of the resulting '''Dial Plate''' which can be used as a '''[[Template]]'''.<br /> * The '''[[Polar Sundial Designer]]''' offers a choice of either a '''Flat Dial Plate''' or a '''Curved Dial Plate''' and a table which enables inputs of your chosen dimensions for the completed '''Dial Plate''' ''(e.g. Gnomon height, width of plate, radius of curvature for curved plate option)'' and outputs the following:<br /> ** a table showing the distances each '''Hour Line''' away from the central Noon line;<br /> ** CAD drawings of elevations of the resulting '''Dial Plates''' plus '''[[Template|Templates]]''' which can be used to transfer the '''Hour Lines''' on to your chosen material ''(note that curved plates can provide for a greater range of hours)''.<br /> <br /> {{Sundials Buyers Guide}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sundials]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Mangonel&diff=11353 2021-05-07T12:53:50Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Ballist, fig 1, Nordisk familjebok.png|450px|right|Mangonel]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:MangonelC.jpg|200px|right|Mangonel]]<br /> =====Introduction=====<br /> <br /> The term [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel '''Mangonel'''] is derived from a word the Greeks used for any engine-type military weapon. It means ‘engine of war’. '''[[Onager]]''' and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel '''Mangonel'''] can be regarded as essentially the same machines. Indeed there seems to be some interchangeability between the names of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_siege_engine#Terminology '''Siege Engines'''] generally.<br /> <br /> <br /> It is possible that the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel '''Mangonel'''] referred to in the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]''' differed from the Roman '''[[Onager]]''' and was more like a small '''[[Trebuchet]]''' with a fixed counter-weight which was pulled down by several men. This way, with trained workers, the leader of the team could adjust the strength applied to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel '''Mangonel'''].<br /> <br /> <br /> An alternative suggestion is that a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel '''Mangonel'''], instead of a short [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_(weapon) '''Sling'''], had a fixed bowl at the end of arm which could be loaded with stones, fire pots or rotting corpses etc.<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Stripwood Model Mangonel=====<br /> [[File:MangonelBoxBaseLabelled.png|200px|right|Mangonel Box Model]]<br /> <br /> A reasonably quick and easy way to make a model '''Mangonel''' is based on a '''[[Rolling Chassis]]''' made by '''[[Box Modelling]]'''.<br /> <br /> * Choose a suitable size box as a starting point ''&lt;span style=&quot;color: green&quot;&gt;('''Note:''' for best results, turn the box inside out and re-assemble to reveal a better surface for painting and gluing)''&lt;/span&gt;.<br /> * Push axle holes into the card box with a pencil then glue over them a piece of card with a hole made by a '''[[:Category:Punches|Paper Punch]]'''.<br /> * Cut '''[[Paper and Card|Thick Card]]''' to the shape of the '''Mangonel''' centre frame sides and stiffen by adding '''[[:Category:Stripwood Technology|Stripwood]]''' where needed with '''[[Glues and Pastes|PVA Glue]]'''.<br /> * Insert a length of '''[[Dowel]]''' through holes punched near the top of the centre frame to create a stop bar - hold in place with short lengths of PVC tubing.<br /> * Push wide elastic bands through holes in the centre frame sides and secure in place with short lengths of Dowel.<br /> * Use the short lengths of '''[[Dowel]]''' to twist the elastic bands and insert a plastic spoon to create the throwing arm.<br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;'''Safety Point!'''<br /> Use a '''[[Cutting Mat]]''' and a metal '''[[Safety Ruler]]''' when using a '''[[Craft Knife|knife]]''' to cut card<br /> &lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> [[File:MangonelCardBaseLabelled.png |250px|right|Model Mangonel]]<br /> <br /> An alternative construction is to start with a rectangle of [[Paper and Card|thick card]] reinforced with lengths of '''[[:Category:Stripwood Technology|Stripwood]]'''.<br /> <br /> * Cut a rectangle of '''[[Paper and Card|Thick Card]]''' ''(210mm x 100mm)'' and cut narrow strips ''(210mm x 25mm)'' to form [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis '''Chassis'''] and sides as shown<br /> * Hold strips of timber in a small '''[[Stripwood_Technology_Tools#Holding_and_Clamping|Clamp-on Vice]]''' and cut to length using a '''[[Stripwood_Technology_Tools#Sawing_and_Cutting|Junior Hacksaw]]'''.<br /> * Glue the lengths of '''[[:Category:Stripwood Technology|Stripwood]]''' along the long sides of the rectangle and use these to glue the sides on.<br /> * Similarly, cut lengths of '''[[:Category:Stripwood Technology|Stripwood]]''' to make the central vertical frame approximately 100mm high above the chassis and glue to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassis '''Chassis'''] sides together with angled '''[[:Category:Stripwood Technology|Stripwood]]''' bracing pieces.<br /> * Glue 30mm x 30mm triangles of [[Paper and Card|medium thickness card]] over each join as shown.<br /> * Wrap elastic around the lower half of the vertical centre frame to make the '''[[Torsion]]''' spring, then insert a plastics spoon to make the throwing arm <br /> * When released, the throwing arm will quickly swing upwards, powered by the '''[[Torsion]]''' spring, until it hits against the stop bar and releases the ammunition.<br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: red&quot;&gt;'''Safety Point!'''<br /> Use table tennis balls, squash balls or wooden beads as ammunition for example - NEVER use anything sharp or heavy<br /> &lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> {{SiegeWeapons}}<br /> <br /> {{Box Modelling Buyers Guide}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:The Romans]]<br /> [[Category:Middle Ages]]<br /> [[Category:Norman Conquest]]<br /> [[Category:Primary Technology]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:MangonelC.jpg&diff=11352 2021-05-07T12:48:31Z

<p>DT Online: Mangonel model version &#039;C&#039; Category:The Romans</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Mangonel model version 'C'<br /> [[Category:The Romans]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Early_Surveying&diff=11351 2021-03-15T14:50:40Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:UsingGroma.png|400px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> It is believed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge|'''Stone Henge'''] would have been set out using ropes and pegs and so [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying||'''Surveying'''] can be thought of as a very ancient craft. Certainly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying||'''Surveying'''] was very important in '''[[Ancient Egyptian Surveying|Ancient Egypt]]''' both to establish land ownership and to mark out the '''[[Ancient Egyptian Survey Tools|Pyramids]]''' for example.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Furlong.png|500px|right]]<br /> In '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Medieval England]]''' the land was owned by the Lord of the Manor and allocated to families for farming in the form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow|'''Strips''']. Each strip was the length a team of oxen could pull a plough before needing to rest and their width was the distance needed to turn the oxen and plough around to plough in the return direction. ''['''DT Online:''' rather than returning alongside the previous furrow, it seems possible that two adjacent Strips may have been ploughed together - up one Strip and down the other a Strip width away.]''<br /> <br /> <br /> This process led to the establishment of agreed land measurements probably based on the '''Roman''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(unit)#:~:text=The%20name%20perch%20derives%20from,still%20utilized%20in%20national%20armies.|'''Perch''' or '''Rod'''] since this was so well established by then it was impractical to change it.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Medievalplowingwoodcut2.png|400px|right]]<br /> A '''Rod''', '''Pole''' or '''Perch''' is a length measurement (about 5 metres) which was used in land measurement during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]''' but no longer in widespread use. It is possible that the name comes from the need for a Ploughman to have a long stick with which to control oxen but it is also a similar size to military [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)|Pikes] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_weapon|Pole Weapons] used both by the '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]''' and during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:GuntersChain2.png|200px|right]]<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-field_system|'''Medieval Strips'''] for farming were 4 '''Rods''' wide which gave the Oxen enough space to turn round and start the next '''Furrow''' without travelling an unnecessary distance. This measurement became known as a '''Chain''' and was established as a unit of length equal to 66 feet (22 yards). ''['''DT Online:''' Perhaps there was some association with the length of plough chains?]''<br /> <br /> <br /> In 1620, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain|'''Edmund Gunter'''] developed an actual measuring chain of 100 links, with brass marker tags every 10 links, and early surveyors used this metal chain, laid out with the help of a compass, to draw plans of areas of land. Although no longer in common use, cricket pitches are still a '''Chain''' (22 yards) long and the distances along a railway are still known as '''Chainage''' – although now measured in metres.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:ELRPlate.png|100px|right]]<br /> This railway distance marker is found under a bridge at Feltham railway station for example. '''RDG1''' is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%27s_Line_Reference|'''Engineer's Line Reference (ELR)'''] identifying the railway line from Waterloo to Wokingham Junction and gives the distance from Waterloo in '''Miles''' and '''Chains'''. Each distance marker is unique so any location on the railway network can be found using a combination of ELR and mileage.<br /> <br /> <br /> A farming strip of land was set to the length of a plough furrow at 10 '''Chains''' (220 yards). Strips were a '''furrow-long''' or '''Furlong''', which is a term still used in horse racing today. Each strip was therefore a '''furrow-long''' and a '''Chain''' wide giving it an area of 220 yards x 22 yards which is the measure of an '''Acre''' (4840 square yards) – ie about half the size of a football pitch. In the UK, the use of the '''Acre''' as the primary unit for land registration was officially replaced by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare|'''Hectare'''] on 1 January 2010.<br /> [[File:Pace.png|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The word '''Mile''' comes from the Latin '''mille''', meaning thousand, and a mile was 1,000 [[:Category:The Romans|'''Roman''']] '''Paces''' as measured by every other step - i.e. the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times. It is thought that, as the [[:Category:The Romans|'''Romans''']] explored new lands, the marching armies would often push a carved stick in the ground after each 1,000 '''Paces'''. At about the year 1500 the '''Old London Mile''' was defined as eight '''Furlongs''' (furlong = 660 feet). A '''Mile''' is equal to '''5,280 Feet''' or '''1,760 Yards''' or approximately '''1,609 Meters'''.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Select and mark a starting point in an open space such as a playing field. Count 10 of your own '''Paces''' and mark where you get to. Use a measuring tape to find out how far you have travelled.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;How far would you have travelled after 1000 '''Paces'''?&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;How many '''Paces''' would you have to complete to travel an old '''Mile''' as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion|'''Roman Centurions'''] once did?&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Primary]]<br /> [[Category:Topics, Projects and Tasks]]<br /> [[Category:Topics]]<br /> [[Category:Measuring and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Early_Surveying&diff=11350 2021-03-12T08:47:19Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:UsingGroma.png|400px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> It is believed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge|'''Stone Henge'''] would have been set out using ropes and pegs and so [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying||'''Surveying'''] can be thought of as a very ancient craft. Certainly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying||'''Surveying'''] was very important in '''[[Ancient Egyptian Surveying|Ancient Egypt]]''' both to establish land ownership and to mark out the '''[[Ancient Egyptian Survey Tools|Pyramids]]''' for example.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Furlong.png|500px|right]]<br /> In '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Medieval England]]''' the land was owned by the Lord of the Manor and allocated to families for farming in the form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow|'''Strips''']. Each strip was the length a team of oxen could pull a plough before needing to rest and their width was the distance needed to turn the oxen and plough around to plough in the return direction. ''['''DT Online:''' rather than returning alongside the previous furrow, it seems possible that two adjacent Strips may have been ploughed together - up one Strip and down the other a Strip width away.]''<br /> <br /> <br /> This process led to the establishment of agreed land measurements probably based on the '''Roman''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(unit)#:~:text=The%20name%20perch%20derives%20from,still%20utilized%20in%20national%20armies.|'''Perch''' or '''Rod'''] since this was so well established by then it was impractical to change it.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Medievalplowingwoodcut2.png|400px|right]]<br /> A '''Rod''', '''Pole''' or '''Perch''' is a length measurement (about 5 metres) which was used in land measurement during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]''' but no longer in widespread use. It is possible that the name comes from the need for a Ploughman to have a long stick with which to control oxen but it is also a similar size to military [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)|Pikes] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_weapon|Pole Weapons] used both by the '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]''' and during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:GuntersChain2.png|200px|right]]<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-field_system|'''Medieval Strips'''] for farming were 4 '''Rods''' wide which gave the Oxen enough space to turn round and start the next '''Furrow''' without travelling an unnecessary distance. This measurement became known as a '''Chain''' and was established as a unit of length equal to 66 feet (22 yards). ''['''DT Online:''' Perhaps there was some association with the length of plough chains?]''<br /> <br /> <br /> In 1620, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain|'''Edmund Gunter'''] developed an actual measuring chain of 100 links, with brass marker tags every 10 links, and early surveyors used this metal chain, laid out with the help of a compass, to draw plans of areas of land. Although no longer in common use, cricket pitches are still a '''Chain''' (22 yards) long and the distances along a railway are still known as '''Chainage''' – although now measured in metres.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:ELRPlate.png|100px|right]]<br /> This railway distance marker is found under a bridge at Feltham railway station for example. '''RDG1''' is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%27s_Line_Reference|'''Engineer's Line Reference (ELR)'''] identifying the railway line from Waterloo to Wokingham Junction and gives the distance from Waterloo in '''Miles''' and '''Chains'''. Each distance marker is unique so any location on the railway network can be found using a combination of ELR and mileage.<br /> <br /> <br /> A farming strip of land was set to the length of a plough furrow at 10 '''Chains''' (220 yards). Strips were a '''furrow-long''' or '''Furlong''', which is a term still used in horse racing today. Each strip was therefore a '''furrow-long''' and a '''Chain''' wide giving it an area of 220 yards x 22 yards which is the measure of an '''Acre''' (4840 square yards) – ie about half the size of a football pitch. In the UK, the use of the '''Acre''' as the primary unit for land registration was officially replaced by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare|'''Hectare'''] on 1 January 2010.<br /> [[File:Pace.png|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The word '''Mile''' comes from the Latin '''mille''', meaning thousand, and a mile was 1,000 [[:Category:The Romans|'''Roman''']] '''Paces''' as measured by every other step - i.e. the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times. It is thought that, as the [[:Category:The Romans|'''Romans''']] explored new lands, the marching armies would often push a carved stick in the ground after each 1,000 '''Paces'''. At about the year 1500 the '''Old London Mile''' was defined as eight '''Furlongs''' (furlong = 660 feet). A '''Mile''' is equal to '''5,280 Feet''' or '''1,760 Yards''' or approximately '''1,609 Meters'''.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Select and mark a starting point in an open space such as a playing field. Count 10 of your own '''Paces''' and mark where you get to. Use a measuring tape to find out how far you have travelled.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;How far would you have travelled after 1000 '''Paces'''?&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;How many '''Paces''' would you have to complete to travel an old '''Mile''' as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion|'''Roman Centurions'''] once did?&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Primary]]<br /> [[Category:Topics]]<br /> [[Category:Measuring and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Early_Surveying&diff=11349 2021-03-12T08:46:10Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:UsingGroma.png|400px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> It is believed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge|'''Stone Henge'''] would have been set out using ropes and pegs and so [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying||'''Surveying'''] can be thought of as a very ancient craft. Certainly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying||'''Surveying'''] was very important in '''[[Ancient Egyptian Surveying|Ancient Egypt]]''' both to establish land ownership and to mark out the '''[[Ancient Egyptian Survey Tools|Pyramids]]''' for example.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Furlong.png|500px|right]]<br /> In '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Medieval England]]''' the land was owned by the Lord of the Manor and allocated to families for farming in the form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow|'''Strips''']. Each strip was the length a team of oxen could pull a plough before needing to rest and their width was the distance needed to turn the oxen and plough around to plough in the return direction. ''['''DT Online:''' rather than returning alongside the previous furrow, it seems possible that two adjacent Strips may have been ploughed together - up one Strip and down the other a Strip width away.]''<br /> <br /> <br /> This process led to the establishment of agreed land measurements probably based on the '''Roman''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(unit)#:~:text=The%20name%20perch%20derives%20from,still%20utilized%20in%20national%20armies.|'''Perch''' or '''Rod'''] since this was so well established by then it was impractical to change it.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Medievalplowingwoodcut2.png|400px|right]]<br /> A '''Rod''', '''Pole''' or '''Perch''' is a length measurement (about 5 metres) which was used in land measurement during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]''' but no longer in widespread use. It is possible that the name comes from the need for a Ploughman to have a long stick with which to control oxen but it is also a similar size to military [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)|Pikes] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_weapon|Pole Weapons] used both by the '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]''' and during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:GuntersChain2.png|200px|right]]<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-field_system|'''Medieval Strips'''] for farming were 4 '''Rods''' wide which gave the Oxen enough space to turn round and start the next '''Furrow''' without travelling an unnecessary distance. This measurement became known as a '''Chain''' and was established as a unit of length equal to 66 feet (22 yards). ''['''DT Online:''' Perhaps there was some association with the length of plough chains?]''<br /> <br /> <br /> In 1620, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain|'''Edmund Gunter'''] developed an actual measuring chain of 100 links, with brass marker tags every 10 links, and early surveyors used this metal chain, laid out with the help of a compass, to draw plans of areas of land. Although no longer in common use, cricket pitches are still a '''Chain''' (22 yards) long and the distances along a railway are still known as '''Chainage''' – although now measured in metres.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:ELRPlate.png|100px|right]]<br /> This railway distance marker is found under a bridge at Feltham railway station for example. '''RDG1''' is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%27s_Line_Reference|'''Engineer's Line Reference (ELR)'''] identifying the railway line from Waterloo to Wokingham Junction and gives the distance from Waterloo in '''Miles''' and '''Chains'''. Each distance marker is unique so any location on the railway network can be found using a combination of ELR and mileage.<br /> <br /> <br /> A farming strip of land was set to the length of a plough furrow at 10 '''Chains''' (220 yards). Strips were a '''furrow-long''' or '''Furlong''', which is a term still used in horse racing today. Each strip was therefore a '''furrow-long''' and a '''Chain''' wide giving it an area of 220 yards x 22 yards which is the measure of an '''Acre''' (4840 square yards) – ie about half the size of a football pitch. In the UK, the use of the '''Acre''' as the primary unit for land registration was officially replaced by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare|'''Hectare'''] on 1 January 2010.<br /> [[File:Pace.png|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The word '''Mile''' comes from the Latin '''mille''', meaning thousand, and a mile was 1,000 [[:Category:The Romans|'''Roman''']] '''Paces''' as measured by every other step - i.e. the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times. It is thought that, as the [[:Category:The Romans|'''Romans''']] explored new lands, the marching armies would often push a carved stick in the ground after each 1,000 '''Paces'''. At about the year 1500 the '''Old London Mile''' was defined as eight '''Furlongs''' (furlong = 660 feet). A '''Mile''' is equal to '''5,280 Feet''' or '''1,760 Yards''' or approximately '''1,609 Meters'''.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Select and mark a starting point in an open space such as a playing field. Count 10 of your own '''Paces''' and mark where you get to. Use a measuring tape to find how how far you have travelled.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;How far would you have travelled after 1000 '''Paces'''?&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ** &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;How many '''Paces''' would you have to complete to travel an old '''Mile''' as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion|'''Roman Centurions'''] once did?&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Primary]]<br /> [[Category:Topics]]<br /> [[Category:Measuring and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Category:Measuring_and_Surveying&diff=11348 2021-03-12T08:28:49Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Vitruvian_particular.gif|300px|right|Vitruvian Man|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> The study of '''Measurement''' is known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrology|'''Metrology''']. From the very earliest civilizations some form of '''Measurement''' has been needed for agriculture, construction and trade. In modern manufacturing companies, the '''Metrology Department''' ensures accuracy is maintained and standards complied with as part of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_control|'''Quality Control'''].<br /> <br /> <br /> Early records indicate that the first measurements of length were based on forearm, hand, or finger. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement|'''Egyptian Cubit'''] was the length of the forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. It is thought this was developed further by the '''[[:Category:Ancient Greece|Greeks]]''' and '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]'''. '''Yards''' and '''Inches''' became standardised in Britain during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]''' and eventually became the basis of the '''[[The Imperial System of Measurement|British Imperial System]]''' established in 1824.<br /> <br /> <br /> Commonly used '''Centimetres''' and '''Millimetres''' are parts of the standard '''Metre''', first established around 1795 during the time of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution|'''French Revolution'''] when there was a movement in France to standardise units. The decimal based metric system which emerged evolved into the '''[[Metric System of Measurement|International System of Units (SI)]]''' now recognised world wide.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:UsingGroma.png|300px|right|Using a Groma|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groma_(surveying)]]<br /> In the UK, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt|'''James Watt'''] had proposed a global decimal measurement system and in 1790 France invited Britain and the United States to adopt a standard for a '''Metre''' but politicians were unable to agree at that time. Britain did adopt '''SI units''' almost 200 years later in 1965 but the USA continues with the '''British Imperial System''' - although there are some historic differences and '''SI units''' are also recognised.<br /> <br /> <br /> Both '''Metric''' and '''Imperial''' systems however, are now based on properties of matter and not physical artefacts – or even the length of a King’s arm! <br /> <br /> <br /> '''[[Early Surveying|Surveyors]]''' use standardised measurements to map out areas of land or structures and draw maps.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[Category:Secondary]]<br /> [[Category:Primary]]<br /> [[Category:Primary Technology]]<br /> [[Category:Topics]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Early_Surveying&diff=11347 2021-03-12T08:27:15Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:UsingGroma.png|400px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> It is believed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge|'''Stone Henge'''] would have been set out using ropes and pegs and so [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying||'''Surveying'''] can be thought of as a very ancient craft. Certainly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying||'''Surveying'''] was very important in '''[[Ancient Egyptian Surveying|Ancient Egypt]]''' both to establish land ownership and to mark out the '''[[Ancient Egyptian Survey Tools|Pyramids]]''' for example.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Furlong.png|500px|right]]<br /> In '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Medieval England]]''' the land was owned by the Lord of the Manor and allocated to families for farming in the form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow|'''Strips''']. Each strip was the length a team of oxen could pull a plough before needing to rest and their width was the distance needed to turn the oxen and plough around to plough in the return direction. ''['''DT Online:''' rather than returning alongside the previous furrow, it seems possible that two adjacent Strips may have been ploughed together - up one Strip and down the other a Strip width away.]''<br /> <br /> <br /> This process led to the establishment of agreed land measurements probably based on the '''Roman''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(unit)#:~:text=The%20name%20perch%20derives%20from,still%20utilized%20in%20national%20armies.|'''Perch''' or '''Rod'''] since this was so well established by then it was impractical to change it.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Medievalplowingwoodcut2.png|400px|right]]<br /> A '''Rod''', '''Pole''' or '''Perch''' is a length measurement (about 5 metres) which was used in land measurement during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]''' but no longer in widespread use. It is possible that the name comes from the need for a Ploughman to have a long stick with which to control oxen but it is also a similar size to military [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)|Pikes] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_weapon|Pole Weapons] used both by the '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]''' and during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:GuntersChain2.png|200px|right]]<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-field_system|'''Medieval Strips'''] for farming were 4 '''Rods''' wide which gave the Oxen enough space to turn round and start the next '''Furrow''' without travelling an unnecessary distance. This measurement became known as a '''Chain''' and was established as a unit of length equal to 66 feet (22 yards). ''['''DT Online:''' Perhaps there was some association with the length of plough chains?]''<br /> <br /> <br /> In 1620, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain|'''Edmund Gunter'''] developed an actual measuring chain of 100 links, with brass marker tags every 10 links, and early surveyors used this metal chain, laid out with the help of a compass, to draw plans of areas of land. Although no longer in common use, cricket pitches are still a '''Chain''' (22 yards) long and the distances along a railway are still known as '''Chainage''' – although now measured in metres.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:ELRPlate.png|100px|right]]<br /> This railway distance marker is found under a bridge at Feltham railway station for example. '''RDG1''' is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%27s_Line_Reference|'''Engineer's Line Reference (ELR)'''] identifying the railway line from Waterloo to Wokingham Junction and gives the distance from Waterloo in '''Miles''' and '''Chains'''. Each distance marker is unique so any location on the railway network can be found using a combination of ELR and mileage.<br /> <br /> <br /> A farming strip of land was set to the length of a plough furrow at 10 '''Chains''' (220 yards). Strips were a '''furrow-long''' or '''Furlong''', which is a term still used in horse racing today. Each strip was therefore a '''furrow-long''' and a '''Chain''' wide giving it an area of 220 yards x 22 yards which is the measure of an '''Acre''' (4840 square yards) – ie about half the size of a football pitch. In the UK, the use of the '''Acre''' as the primary unit for land registration was officially replaced by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare|'''Hectare'''] on 1 January 2010.<br /> [[File:Pace.png|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The word '''Mile''' comes from the Latin '''mille''', meaning thousand, and a mile was 1,000 [[:Category:The Romans|'''Roman''']] paces as measured by every other step - i.e. the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times. It is thought that, as the [[:Category:The Romans|'''Romans''']] explored new lands, the marching armies would often push a carved stick in the ground after each 1,000 paces. At about the year 1500 the '''Old London Mile''' was defined as eight '''Furlongs''' (furlong = 660 feet). A '''Mile''' is equal to '''5,280 Feet''' or '''1,760 Yards''' or approximately '''1,609 Meters'''. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Primary]]<br /> [[Category:Topics]]<br /> [[Category:Measuring and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Early_Surveying&diff=11346 2021-03-11T14:03:59Z

<p>DT Online: Created page with &quot;right __TOC__ It is believed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge|&#039;&#039;&#039;Stone Henge&#039;&#039;&#039;] would have been set out using ropes and pegs and...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:UsingGroma.png|400px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> It is believed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge|'''Stone Henge'''] would have been set out using ropes and pegs and so '''Surveying''' can be thought of as a very ancient craft. Certainly '''Surveying''' was very important in '''[[Ancient Egyptian Surveying|Ancient Egypt]]''' both to establish land ownership and to mark out the '''[[Ancient Egyptian Survey Tools|Pyramids]]''' for example.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Furlong.png|500px|right]]<br /> In '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Medieval England]]''' the land was owned by the Lord of the Manor and allocated to families for farming in the form of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_and_furrow|'''Strips''']. Each strip was the length a team of oxen could pull a plough before needing to rest and their width was the distance needed to turn the oxen and plough around to plough in the return direction. ''['''DT Online:''' rather than returning alongside the previous furrow, it seems possible that two adjacent Strips may have been ploughed together - up one Strip and down the other a Strip width away.]''<br /> <br /> <br /> This process led to the establishment of agreed land measurements probably based on the '''Roman''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_(unit)#:~:text=The%20name%20perch%20derives%20from,still%20utilized%20in%20national%20armies.|'''Perch''' or '''Rod'''] since this was so well established by then it was impractical to change it.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Medievalplowingwoodcut2.png|400px|right]]<br /> A '''Rod''', '''Pole''' or '''Perch''' is a length measurement (about 5 metres) which was used in land measurement during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]''' but no longer in widespread use. It is possible that the name comes from the need for a Ploughman to have a long stick with which to control oxen but it is also a similar size to military [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)|Pikes] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_weapon|Pole Weapons] used both by the '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]''' and during the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]'''.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:GuntersChain2.png|200px|right]]<br /> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-field_system|'''Medieval Strips'''] for farming were 4 '''Rods''' wide which gave the Oxen enough space to turn round and start the next '''Furrow''' without travelling an unnecessary distance. This measurement became known as a '''Chain''' and was established as a unit of length equal to 66 feet (22 yards). ''['''DT Online:''' Perhaps there was some association with the length of plough chains?]''<br /> <br /> <br /> In 1620, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain|'''Edmund Gunter'''] developed an actual measuring chain of 100 links, with brass marker tags every 10 links, and early surveyors used this metal chain, laid out with the help of a compass, to draw plans of areas of land. Although no longer in common use, cricket pitches are still a '''Chain''' (22 yards) long and the distances along a railway are still known as '''Chainage''' – although now measured in metres.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:ELRPlate.png|100px|right]]<br /> This railway distance marker is found under a bridge at Feltham railway station for example. '''RDG1''' is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%27s_Line_Reference|'''Engineer's Line Reference (ELR)'''] identifying the railway line from Waterloo to Wokingham Junction and gives the distance from Waterloo in '''Miles''' and '''Chains'''. Each distance marker is unique so any location on the railway network can be found using a combination of ELR and mileage.<br /> <br /> <br /> A farming strip of land was set to the length of a plough furrow at 10 '''Chains''' (220 yards). Strips were a '''furrow-long''' or '''Furlong''', which is a term still used in horse racing today. Each strip was therefore a '''furrow-long''' and a '''Chain''' wide giving it an area of 220 yards x 22 yards which is the measure of an '''Acre''' (4840 square yards) – ie about half the size of a football pitch. In the UK, the use of the '''Acre''' as the primary unit for land registration was officially replaced by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare|'''Hectare'''] on 1 January 2010.<br /> [[File:Pace.png|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The word '''Mile''' comes from the Latin '''mille''', meaning thousand, and a mile was 1,000 [[:Category:The Romans|'''Roman''']] paces as measured by every other step - i.e. the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times. It is thought that, as the [[:Category:The Romans|'''Romans''']] explored new lands, the marching armies would often push a carved stick in the ground after each 1,000 paces. At about the year 1500 the '''Old London Mile''' was defined as eight '''Furlongs''' (furlong = 660 feet). A '''Mile''' is equal to '''5,280 Feet''' or '''1,760 Yards''' or approximately '''1,609 Meters'''. <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Primary]]<br /> [[Category:Topics]]<br /> [[Category:Measuring and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Medievalplowingwoodcut2.png&diff=11345 2021-03-11T13:58:19Z

<p>DT Online: DT Online moved page File:1024px-Medievalplowingwoodcut2.png to File:Medievalplowingwoodcut2.png without leaving a redirect: author request</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Medieval Ploughing woodcut<br /> [[Category:Measurement and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:Medievalplowingwoodcut2.png&diff=11344 2021-03-11T13:29:58Z

<p>DT Online: Medieval Ploughing woodcut Category:Measurement and Surveying</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Medieval Ploughing woodcut<br /> [[Category:Measurement and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:ELRPlate.png&diff=11343 2021-03-11T13:27:08Z

<p>DT Online: Engineer&#039;s Line Reference (ELR) marker plate Category:Measurement and Surveying</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Engineer's Line Reference (ELR) marker plate<br /> [[Category:Measurement and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=File:GuntersChain2.png&diff=11342 2021-03-11T12:38:33Z

<p>DT Online: Gunter&#039;s Chain - used by surveyors Category:Measurement and Surveying</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Gunter's Chain - used by surveyors<br /> [[Category:Measurement and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Metric_System_of_Measurement&diff=11341 2021-03-10T22:27:19Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SIbaseunits.png|300px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> The modern metric system is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units '''International System of Units'''] ''(French: Système International d'Unités, SI)''. The system was published in 1960 and was based on the metre-kilogram-second system of units (MKS). There are now seven internationally agreed units plus units derived from them to cover all aspects of technology together with a set of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix#List_of_SI_prefixes '''prefixes'''] which serve as multipliers or fractions of them.<br /> <br /> <br /> The idea of Metrication or decimals based units is not new and has obvious attractions with regard to ease of calculation. A '''Furlong''' for example was 10 '''Chains''' long<br /> <br /> <br /> By the middle of the 18th Century it had become clear that a simpler and standardised system of measurement was needed to help trade between nations. Around the time of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution|'''French Revolution'''] measures of length and weight derived from nature were established, along with their decimal multiples and fractions. This became the standard of France and Europe reference a bars of Platinum was made to set the correct length of a Metre.<br /> <br /> <br /> Towards the end of the 18th Century [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system#Late_18th_century:_conflict_and_lassitude|'''James Watt'''] called for a decimal system and in France it was proposed that a Metre could be defined by the length of a pendulum as it beats out 1 second. Unfortunately, this measurement varies a little depending on which country it is done in and although it became standard across Europe both the UK and America were unable to agree to it.<br /> <br /> <br /> The Metric system continued to be developed and is now based on fundamental constants of nature such as the speed of light in a vacuum. It was formally defined in French law to form the basis of what eventually became the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units|’’’International System of Units (SI)’’’] which is the only system of measurement with an official status in nearly every country in the world.<br /> <br /> ====SI Base Units====<br /> <br /> * The '''Second (s)''' is the base unit of time originally based on the Earth's rotation cycle but but this can vary slightly so is now defined by the behaviour of some atoms to give a more constant value.<br /> * The '''Metre (m)''' is the base unit of length which at one point was based on measurements of the Earth but is now defined by how far light travels in a vacuum in a set time<br /> * The '''Kilogram (kg)''' is the base unit of mass which was originally defined as the mass of one litre of water. This is still quite accurate but now the scientific definition relates it to certain physics constants.<br /> * The '''Ampere (A)''' is the base unit of electric current based on the electrical charge carried by certain atoms.<br /> * '''Kelvin (K)''' is the base unit of temperature and uses absolute zero as its null point. It is often used in conjunction with the degree Celsius, which has the same magnitude.<br /> * The '''Mole (mol)''' is the unit of measurement for amount of substance in a material which is the number of atomic particles. Used mainly by chemists, it is numerically equal to Grams for most practical purposes.<br /> * The '''Candela (cd)''' is the base unit of luminous intensity or the amount of light given out. A common wax candle emits light with a luminous intensity of roughly one Candela and is defined using techniques for electromagnetic radiation.<br /> <br /> <br /> From these 7 Base Units other units can be derived from them and defined by them. For example, a '''Newton''' is the measurement of '''Force''' given by the mass of a '''Kilogram''' when acted on by '''acceleration due to gravity'''. For practical purposes, the acceleration due to gravity can be taken as 10m/s2 (should be 9.80665 m/s2) and so a '''Newton''' is approximately 10 x 1Kg. An adult weighs roughly 600N.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Prefixes''' are added to unit names to produce multiples and submultiples of the original unit - e.g. kilometres and millimetres.<br /> <br /> <br /> Note: that when a unit is named after a person, its abbreviation is given a capital letter but not when written in full - e.g. N and newton, A and ampere.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Primary]]<br /> [[Category:Topics, Projects and Tasks]]<br /> [[Category:Measuring and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=S.I._Units&diff=11340 2021-03-10T22:26:52Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SIbaseunits.png|300px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> <br /> The modern metric system is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units '''International System of Units'''] ''(French: Système International d'Unités, SI)''. The system was published in 1960 and was based on the metre-kilogram-second system of units (MKS). There are now seven internationally agreed units plus units derived from them to cover all aspects of technology together with a set of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix#List_of_SI_prefixes '''prefixes'''] which serve as multipliers or fractions of them.<br /> <br /> <br /> The preferred prefixes multiply or divide the unit names by 1000 ''(or 10&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;)'' thus, 10mm is preferred to a centimetre, especially in construction and engineering.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: green&quot;&gt;'''Note:'''<br /> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scientific_units_named_after_people '''''Units named after people'''''] use capital letters for the letter symbol - but not for the unit name itself.<br /> &lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> =====Measurement of Length=====<br /> {|<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot;|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre '''Metre''']<br /> |-<br /> ! '''Prefix Name'''<br /> ! '''Symbol'''<br /> ! '''10&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;'''<br /> ! '''Decimal'''<br /> ! '''Description'''<br /> |-<br /> | kilometre<br /> | km<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1000<br /> | A thousand metres<br /> |-<br /> | metre<br /> | m<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> | A metre<br /> |-<br /> | centimetre<br /> | cm<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 0.01<br /> | A hundredth of a metre<br /> |-<br /> | millimetre<br /> | mm<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 0.001<br /> | A thousandth of a metre<br /> |-<br /> | micrometre<br /> | μm<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 0.000001<br /> | A millionth of a metre<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Units used in Mechanics=====<br /> <br /> {|<br /> |-<br /> ! '''Prefix Name'''<br /> ! '''Symbol'''<br /> ! '''10&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;'''<br /> ! '''Decimal'''<br /> ! '''Description'''<br /> |-<br /> | gram<br /> | g<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1/1000<br /> | Originally the weight of a cubic centimetre of pure water but now defined as one-thousandth of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram '''kilogram''']<br /> |-<br /> | kilogram<br /> | kg<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> | '''S.I. Base Unit of Mass''' - equal to the mass of the ''International Prototype of the Kilogram''<br /> |-<br /> | tonne<br /> | t<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1000<br /> | Known as '''Metric Ton''' in USA ''(i.e. equivalent to approximately 2,204.6lbs whereas Imperial Ton = 2240lbs)''<br /> |-<br /> | megatonne<br /> | Mt<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1,000,000,000<br /> | Used for the energy of nuclear explosions and other similar events.<br /> |-<br /> | Newton<br /> | N<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> | '''S.I. Base Unit of Force''' named after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton '''Sir Isaac Newton'''] - the amount needed to accelerate a 1kg mass at 1 metre per second each second ''(1N = 1kg X ms&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)''<br /> |-<br /> | Newton Metre<br /> | Nm<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> | '''S.I. Base Unit of Torque or Moment''' - resulting from applying a force of one newton perpendicularly to a moment arm which is one metre long ''(1Nm)''. It is calculated as for a joule but is preferred for Torque to avoid confusion with Work and Energy.<br /> |-<br /> | Joule<br /> | J<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> | '''S.I. Base Unit of Work or Energy''' named after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule '''James Prescott Joule'''] - the amount needed to apply a newton over the distance of a metre ''(1J = 1Nm)''<br /> |-<br /> | Pascal<br /> | Pa<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> | '''S.I. Base Unit of Pressure or Stress''' named after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal '''Blaise Pascal'''] - the pressure exerted by applying a newton over a square metre ''(1Pa = 1Nm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Units used in Electronics=====<br /> <br /> {|<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot;|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm '''Ohms (resistance)'''] - named after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ohm '''Georg Simon Ohm''']<br /> |-<br /> ! '''Prefix Name'''<br /> ! '''Symbol'''<br /> ! '''10&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;'''<br /> ! '''Decimal'''<br /> ! '''Description'''<br /> |-<br /> | mega-ohm<br /> | MΩ<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1000000<br /> | A million ohms<br /> |-<br /> | kilo-ohm<br /> | kΩ ''(or K)''<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1000<br /> | A thousand ohms<br /> |-<br /> | ohm<br /> | Ω ''(or R)''<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> | An ohm<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;5&quot;|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green&quot;&gt;'''Note:'''<br /> The unit or its prefix may be used to replace a decimal point - e.g. 2.2mega-ohm = 2M2; 2.2kilo-ohm = 2K2; and 2.2ohm = 2R2.<br /> &lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot;|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere '''Ampere (electric current)'''] - named after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re ''André-Marie Ampère''']<br /> |-<br /> ! '''Prefix Name'''<br /> ! '''Symbol'''<br /> ! '''10&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;'''<br /> ! '''Decimal'''<br /> ! '''Description'''<br /> |-<br /> | ampere<br /> | A<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> | Amp<br /> |-<br /> | milli-amp<br /> | mA<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 0.001<br /> | A thousandth<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot;|[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farad '''Farads (electric capacitance)'''] - named after [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday '''Michael Faraday''']<br /> |-<br /> ! '''Prefix Name'''<br /> ! '''Symbol'''<br /> ! '''10&lt;sup&gt;n&lt;/sup&gt;'''<br /> ! '''Decimal'''<br /> ! '''Description'''<br /> |-<br /> | farad<br /> | F<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1<br /> | A Farad<br /> |-<br /> | micro-Farad<br /> | μF<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;-6&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 0.000001<br /> | A millionth<br /> |-<br /> | nano-Farad<br /> | nF<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;-9&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 0.000000001<br /> | A thousand millionth<br /> |-<br /> | pico-Farad<br /> | pF<br /> | 10&lt;sup&gt;-12&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 0.000000000001<br /> | A trillionth<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Secondary]]<br /> [[Category:Terminology]]<br /> [[Category:Primary]]<br /> [[Category:Topics, Projects and Tasks]]<br /> [[Category:Measuring and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=The_Imperial_System_of_Measurement&diff=11339 2021-03-10T22:26:04Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> [[File:Cubit.png|right|600px|Derivation of the Yard and Fathom]]<br /> =====Introduction=====<br /> Exactly how some modern Measurements came about remains open to question but it is clear that it must have always been tempting to use parts of the human body or easily found objects as a starting point.<br /> <br /> <br /> Archaeologists believe that the '''[[:Category:Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]]''' preferred the '''Cubit''', the length from elbow to finger tip, whilst the '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]''' and the '''[[:Category:Ancient Greece|Greeks]]''' preferred the '''Foot'''. Even today we may still measure distance by placing one foot in front of another.<br /> <br /> <br /> Over the centuries the actual length of each of these varied ''(because people vary)'' but eventually, in Britain at least, some standard lengths were establish by a statute of King Edward I (1272-1307) <br /> <br /> =====Foot=====<br /> The '''[[:Category:Ancient Greece|Greeks']]''' basic measure used the breadth of a finger and calculated a Foot as 16 fingers long. Conveniently this was very approximately equal to the length of an adult foot. The '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]''' adapted this but used the breadth of a thumb which gave 12 divisions and was eventually standardised by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa|'''Marcus Agrippa''']. This had the advantage of being easily divided into several different fractions.<br /> <br /> In Britain following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain|'''Roman occupation'''], the '''Foot''' continued to be used and was defined in law following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest|'''Norman Conquest'''] during the 13th Century.<br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Measure the width of your fingers to see how closely they are equal to the length of your foot.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Repeat this comparison but using the average width of finger and length of foot from everyone in the class – then ask an adult to do the same.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[File:Barleycorn.png|right|200px|]]<br /> =====Inches=====<br /> The Romans divided their Foot into 12 Inches, possibly by using their Thumbs as a gauge. In many European languages even today the word for '''inch''' is the same as or derived from the word for '''thumb'''.<br /> <br /> In Medieval England around 1300 it was ordained that: ''3 grains of barley dry and round do make an inch, 12 inches make 1 foot, 3 feet make 1 yard''<br /> <br /> A '''Barleycorn''' is equal to about one third of an Inch and this is still the difference between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_size#United_Kingdom|English shoe sizes]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Measure Thumbs to see how close they are to one inch then ask an adult to measure theirs.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Obtain some Barley and devise a way of measuring them to see how close each is to a third of an Inch long.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[File:BritishYard.png|right|350px|]]<br /> =====Yard=====<br /> Measurements originally were related to parts of the body. They varied considerably and were usually standardised by the local ruler or chieftain, and later by kings. Rods or bars were cut to the correct length and kept in a public place ''(e.g. Temples in Egypt)'' where they could be copied and distributed throughout the community.<br /> <br /> <br /> It is thought that a Yard could have been based on the length of a man’s belt but by the time of the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]''' a proper physical standard was needed to ensure fair trade and a standard '''Yard''' existed in the form of an iron bar held at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_units|'''Winchester'''].<br /> <br /> <br /> A statute of King Edward I (1272-1307) states: ''It is remembered that the Iron Ulna of our Lord the King contains three feet and no more; and the foot must contain twelve inches''.<br /> <br /> <br /> In 1588 Elizabeth I issued a new standard yard which remained the legal British yard for over 300 years until 1824, when the Weights and Measures Act during the reign of George IV, established the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_units|’’’British Imperial system of units’’’] and the yard was defined as the ''Straight Line or Distance between the Centres of the Two Points in the Gold Studs of the Straight Brass Rod now in the Custody of the Clerk of the House of Commons whereon the Words and Figures &quot;Standard Yard 1760&quot; are engraved''. The British Imperial System remained in use until the adoption of the metric system beginning in 1965 and is still the basis of measurement in America.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Primary]]<br /> [[Category:Topics, Projects and Tasks]]<br /> [[Category:Measuring and Surveying]]</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=Metric_System_of_Measurement&diff=11338 2021-03-10T22:08:00Z

<p>DT Online: Created page with &quot;right __TOC__ The modern metric system is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units &#039;&#039;&#039;International System of Units&#039;&#039;&#039;]...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SIbaseunits.png|300px|right]]<br /> __TOC__<br /> <br /> The modern metric system is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units '''International System of Units'''] ''(French: Système International d'Unités, SI)''. The system was published in 1960 and was based on the metre-kilogram-second system of units (MKS). There are now seven internationally agreed units plus units derived from them to cover all aspects of technology together with a set of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix#List_of_SI_prefixes '''prefixes'''] which serve as multipliers or fractions of them.<br /> <br /> <br /> The idea of Metrication or decimals based units is not new and has obvious attractions with regard to ease of calculation. A '''Furlong''' for example was 10 '''Chains''' long<br /> <br /> <br /> By the middle of the 18th Century it had become clear that a simpler and standardised system of measurement was needed to help trade between nations. Around the time of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution|'''French Revolution'''] measures of length and weight derived from nature were established, along with their decimal multiples and fractions. This became the standard of France and Europe reference a bars of Platinum was made to set the correct length of a Metre.<br /> <br /> <br /> Towards the end of the 18th Century [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system#Late_18th_century:_conflict_and_lassitude|'''James Watt'''] called for a decimal system and in France it was proposed that a Metre could be defined by the length of a pendulum as it beats out 1 second. Unfortunately, this measurement varies a little depending on which country it is done in and although it became standard across Europe both the UK and America were unable to agree to it.<br /> <br /> <br /> The Metric system continued to be developed and is now based on fundamental constants of nature such as the speed of light in a vacuum. It was formally defined in French law to form the basis of what eventually became the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units|’’’International System of Units (SI)’’’] which is the only system of measurement with an official status in nearly every country in the world.<br /> <br /> ====SI Base Units====<br /> <br /> * The '''Second (s)''' is the base unit of time originally based on the Earth's rotation cycle but but this can vary slightly so is now defined by the behaviour of some atoms to give a more constant value.<br /> * The '''Metre (m)''' is the base unit of length which at one point was based on measurements of the Earth but is now defined by how far light travels in a vacuum in a set time<br /> * The '''Kilogram (kg)''' is the base unit of mass which was originally defined as the mass of one litre of water. This is still quite accurate but now the scientific definition relates it to certain physics constants.<br /> * The '''Ampere (A)''' is the base unit of electric current based on the electrical charge carried by certain atoms.<br /> * '''Kelvin (K)''' is the base unit of temperature and uses absolute zero as its null point. It is often used in conjunction with the degree Celsius, which has the same magnitude.<br /> * The '''Mole (mol)''' is the unit of measurement for amount of substance in a material which is the number of atomic particles. Used mainly by chemists, it is numerically equal to Grams for most practical purposes.<br /> * The '''Candela (cd)''' is the base unit of luminous intensity or the amount of light given out. A common wax candle emits light with a luminous intensity of roughly one Candela and is defined using techniques for electromagnetic radiation.<br /> <br /> <br /> From these 7 Base Units other units can be derived from them and defined by them. For example, a '''Newton''' is the measurement of '''Force''' given by the mass of a '''Kilogram''' when acted on by '''acceleration due to gravity'''. For practical purposes, the acceleration due to gravity can be taken as 10m/s2 (should be 9.80665 m/s2) and so a '''Newton''' is approximately 10 x 1Kg. An adult weighs roughly 600N.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Prefixes''' are added to unit names to produce multiples and submultiples of the original unit - e.g. kilometres and millimetres.<br /> <br /> <br /> Note: that when a unit is named after a person, its abbreviation is given a capital letter but not when written in full - e.g. N and newton, A and ampere.</div>

DT Online http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php?title=The_Imperial_System_of_Measurement&diff=11337 2021-03-10T21:50:08Z

<p>DT Online: </p> <hr /> <div>__TOC__<br /> [[File:Cubit.png|right|600px|Derivation of the Yard and Fathom]]<br /> =====Introduction=====<br /> Exactly how some modern Measurements came about remains open to question but it is clear that it must have always been tempting to use parts of the human body or easily found objects as a starting point.<br /> <br /> <br /> Archaeologists believe that the '''[[:Category:Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]]''' preferred the '''Cubit''', the length from elbow to finger tip, whilst the '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]''' and the '''[[:Category:Ancient Greece|Greeks]]''' preferred the '''Foot'''. Even today we may still measure distance by placing one foot in front of another.<br /> <br /> <br /> Over the centuries the actual length of each of these varied ''(because people vary)'' but eventually, in Britain at least, some standard lengths were establish by a statute of King Edward I (1272-1307) <br /> <br /> =====Foot=====<br /> The '''[[:Category:Ancient Greece|Greeks']]''' basic measure used the breadth of a finger and calculated a Foot as 16 fingers long. Conveniently this was very approximately equal to the length of an adult foot. The '''[[:Category:The Romans|Romans]]''' adapted this but used the breadth of a thumb which gave 12 divisions and was eventually standardised by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa|'''Marcus Agrippa''']. This had the advantage of being easily divided into several different fractions.<br /> <br /> In Britain following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain|'''Roman occupation'''], the '''Foot''' continued to be used and was defined in law following the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest|'''Norman Conquest'''] during the 13th Century.<br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Measure the width of your fingers to see how closely they are equal to the length of your foot.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Repeat this comparison but using the average width of finger and length of foot from everyone in the class – then ask an adult to do the same.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[File:Barleycorn.png|right|200px|]]<br /> =====Inches=====<br /> The Romans divided their Foot into 12 Inches, possibly by using their Thumbs as a gauge. In many European languages even today the word for '''inch''' is the same as or derived from the word for '''thumb'''.<br /> <br /> In Medieval England around 1300 it was ordained that: ''3 grains of barley dry and round do make an inch, 12 inches make 1 foot, 3 feet make 1 yard''<br /> <br /> A '''Barleycorn''' is equal to about one third of an Inch and this is still the difference between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_size#United_Kingdom|English shoe sizes]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;'''Activity:'''&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Measure Thumbs to see how close they are to one inch then ask an adult to measure theirs.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> * &lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Obtain some Barley and devise a way of measuring them to see how close each is to a third of an Inch long.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ----<br /> <br /> [[File:BritishYard.png|right|350px|]]<br /> =====Yard=====<br /> Measurements originally were related to parts of the body. They varied considerably and were usually standardised by the local ruler or chieftain, and later by kings. Rods or bars were cut to the correct length and kept in a public place ''(e.g. Temples in Egypt)'' where they could be copied and distributed throughout the community.<br /> <br /> <br /> It is thought that a Yard could have been based on the length of a man’s belt but by the time of the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]''' a proper physical standard was needed to ensure fair trade and a standard '''Yard''' existed in the form of an iron bar held at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_units|'''Winchester'''].<br /> <br /> <br /> A statute of King Edward I (1272-1307) states: ''It is remembered that the Iron Ulna of our Lord the King contains three feet and no more; and the foot must contain twelve inches''.<br /> <br /> <br /> In 1588 Elizabeth I issued a new standard yard which remained the legal British yard for over 300 years until 1824, when the Weights and Measures Act during the reign of George IV, established the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_units|’’’British Imperial system of units’’’] and the yard was defined as the ''Straight Line or Distance between the Centres of the Two Points in the Gold Studs of the Straight Brass Rod now in the Custody of the Clerk of the House of Commons whereon the Words and Figures &quot;Standard Yard 1760&quot; are engraved''. The British Imperial System remained in use until the adoption of the metric system beginning in 1965 and is still the basis of measurement in America.</div>

DT Online