Building Egyptian Pyramids - Revision history

DT Online at 09:15, 1 March 2017

2017-03-01T09:15:20Z

DT Online at 08:45, 25 November 2016

2016-11-25T08:45:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:45, 25 November 2016
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	** short ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(a stubby wood axle made smooth by wrapping in copper)'' are mounted in the stonework face as building progresses;		** short ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(a stubby wood axle made smooth by wrapping in copper)'' are mounted in the stonework face as building progresses;
	** stones are mounted on sleds which are hauled up the tracks by ropes on either side which are wrapped around the ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(this works in much the same way as a simple '''[[Basic Machines\|Pulley]]''' although pulleys themselves were not known at this time)''.		** stones are mounted on sleds which are hauled up the tracks by ropes on either side which are wrapped around the ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(this works in much the same way as a simple '''[[Basic Machines\|Pulley]]''' although pulleys themselves were not known at this time)''.
	* '''[[Casting]]''' the stones in place:		* '''Casting''' the stones in place:
	** it has been suggested that blocks of the pyramid are not carved stone, but are mostly a form of limestone concrete that were ‘cast’ as with modern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete '''Concrete'''];		** it has been suggested that blocks of the pyramid are not carved stone, but are mostly a form of limestone concrete that were ‘cast’ as with modern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete '''Concrete'''];
	** limestone was crushed and mixed with water and lime to make a soft clay like material which was then carried up to be packed into re-usable wooden moulds which were set in place on the pyramid;		** limestone was crushed and mixed with water and lime to make a soft clay like material which was then carried up to be packed into re-usable wooden moulds which were set in place on the pyramid;

DT Online at 12:47, 6 October 2016

2016-10-06T12:47:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:47, 6 October 2016
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	[[File:PyramidLevers.png\|right\|300px\|Using levers to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]		[[File:PyramidLevers.png\|right\|300px\|Using levers to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]
	* Using '''[[Class 1 Lever\|Levers]]''' to lift the stones up a step at a time:		* Using '''[[Class 1 Lever\|Levers]]''' to lift the stones up a step at a time:
	** levers were well known and the '''[[~~Ancient~~ Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' ''(or Shadoof)'' was commonly used to raise water for irrigation;		** levers were well known and the '''[[Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' ''(or Shadoof)'' was commonly used to raise water for irrigation;
	** levers could be used to raise a stone a little at a time and then planks of wood or stones laid under until the height of a step was reached;		** levers could be used to raise a stone a little at a time and then planks of wood or stones laid under until the height of a step was reached;
	** the top one third of the pyramids contains only about 4% of the total amount of stone used so it may be that levers were used in combination with ramps to complete the top sections.		** the top one third of the pyramids contains only about 4% of the total amount of stone used so it may be that levers were used in combination with ramps to complete the top sections.
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	* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[Ancient Egyptian Stone Sled\|Sled]]''' and load it with a 1kg mass then use a Newton meter to pull it up card slopes set at different angles ''(you may wish to glue lengths of stripwood under the card to stiffen it)'': how much difference does the slope angle make to the force needed to pull the sled? What do think would be the best angle for a ramp which pyramid builders could use and why?</span>		* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[Ancient Egyptian Stone Sled\|Sled]]''' and load it with a 1kg mass then use a Newton meter to pull it up card slopes set at different angles ''(you may wish to glue lengths of stripwood under the card to stiffen it)'': how much difference does the slope angle make to the force needed to pull the sled? What do think would be the best angle for a ramp which pyramid builders could use and why?</span>
	* <span style="color: blue">Glue stripwood across a reinforced card ramp set to your chosen angle, fill the gaps in between with soft sand then try again. What difference does it make if you wet the sand or pour soapy water over the wood strips?</span>		* <span style="color: blue">Glue stripwood across a reinforced card ramp set to your chosen angle, fill the gaps in between with soft sand then try again. What difference does it make if you wet the sand or pour soapy water over the wood strips?</span>
	* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[~~Ancient~~ Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' and use it to lift a 1kg mass: how does the '''[[~~Ancient~~ Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' make it easier to lift the mass? Where do you have to apply the lifting force and how might this limit the height to which pyramid stones could have been lifted in this way? </span>		* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' and use it to lift a 1kg mass: how does the '''[[Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' make it easier to lift the mass? Where do you have to apply the lifting force and how might this limit the height to which pyramid stones could have been lifted in this way? </span>
	----		----

DT Online at 19:01, 5 October 2016

2016-10-05T19:01:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:01, 5 October 2016
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	[[File:PyramidLevers.png\|right\|300px\|Using levers to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]		[[File:PyramidLevers.png\|right\|300px\|Using levers to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]
	* Using '''[[Class 1 Lever\|Levers]]''' to lift the stones up a step at a time:		* Using '''[[Class 1 Lever\|Levers]]''' to lift the stones up a step at a time:
	** levers were well known and the '''[[Shaduf]]''' ''(or Shadoof)'' was commonly used to raise water for irrigation;		** levers were well known and the '''[[Ancient Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' ''(or Shadoof)'' was commonly used to raise water for irrigation;
	** levers could be used to raise a stone a little at a time and then planks of wood or stones laid under until the height of a step was reached;		** levers could be used to raise a stone a little at a time and then planks of wood or stones laid under until the height of a step was reached;
	** the top one third of the pyramids contains only about 4% of the total amount of stone used so it may be that levers were used in combination with ramps to complete the top sections.		** the top one third of the pyramids contains only about 4% of the total amount of stone used so it may be that levers were used in combination with ramps to complete the top sections.

DT Online at 18:57, 5 October 2016

2016-10-05T18:57:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:57, 5 October 2016
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	They are solid and are made from massive blocks of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone '''sandstone'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone '''limestone'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite '''granite'''] each weighing around 2½ tonnes. It is thought that the blocks were cut from local quarries using wedges and other simple hand tools made from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper '''Copper'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze '''Bronze''']. After cutting, they were loaded into barges and floated along the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile '''Nile'''] until they were close to the building site. They were then dragged on '''[[Sleds]]''' to their final position.		They are solid and are made from massive blocks of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone '''sandstone'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone '''limestone'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite '''granite'''] each weighing around 2½ tonnes. It is thought that the blocks were cut from local quarries using wedges and other simple hand tools made from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper '''Copper'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze '''Bronze''']. After cutting, they were loaded into barges and floated along the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile '''Nile'''] until they were close to the building site. They were then dragged on '''[[Ancient Egyptian Stone Sled\|Sleds]]''' to their final position.


	The ~~sleds~~ were dragged over planks by teams of workers. Water ''(or milk)'' could have been poured under the ~~sled~~ runners to reduce friction. The workers were mainly farmers who thought it an honour to do this work for their pharaoh ''(and workers who died seemed to have been given a proper burial)'' - or perhaps it was a form of tax. Most of the work took place between July and October when the Nile flooded their land so they would have been available for such work.		The '''[[Ancient Egyptian Stone Sled\|Sleds]]''' were dragged over planks by teams of workers. Water ''(or milk)'' could have been poured under the '''Sled''' runners to reduce friction. The workers were mainly farmers who thought it an honour to do this work for their pharaoh ''(and workers who died seemed to have been given a proper burial)'' - or perhaps it was a form of tax. Most of the work took place between July and October when the Nile flooded their land so they would have been available for such work.


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	<span style="color: blue">'''Activity:'''		<span style="color: blue">'''Activity:'''
	How would you raise the heavy stones up the Pyramids?</span>		How would you raise the heavy stones up the Pyramids?</span>
	* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[Sled]]''' and load it with a 1kg mass then use a Newton meter to pull it up card slopes set at different angles ''(you may wish to glue lengths of stripwood under the card to stiffen it)'': how much difference does the slope angle make to the force needed to pull the sled? What do think would be the best angle for a ramp which pyramid builders could use and why?</span>		* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[Ancient Egyptian Stone Sled\|Sled]]''' and load it with a 1kg mass then use a Newton meter to pull it up card slopes set at different angles ''(you may wish to glue lengths of stripwood under the card to stiffen it)'': how much difference does the slope angle make to the force needed to pull the sled? What do think would be the best angle for a ramp which pyramid builders could use and why?</span>
	* <span style="color: blue">Glue stripwood across a reinforced card ramp set to your chosen angle, fill the gaps in between with soft sand then try again. What difference does it make if you wet the sand or pour soapy water over the wood strips?</span>		* <span style="color: blue">Glue stripwood across a reinforced card ramp set to your chosen angle, fill the gaps in between with soft sand then try again. What difference does it make if you wet the sand or pour soapy water over the wood strips?</span>
	* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[Shaduf]]''' and use it to lift a 1kg mass: how does the '''Shaduf''' make it easier to lift the mass? Where do you have to apply the lifting force and how might this limit the height to which pyramid stones could have been lifted in this way? </span>		* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[Ancient Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' and use it to lift a 1kg mass: how does the '''[[Ancient Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' make it easier to lift the mass? Where do you have to apply the lifting force and how might this limit the height to which pyramid stones could have been lifted in this way? </span>
	----		----

DT Online at 18:34, 5 October 2016

2016-10-05T18:34:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:34, 5 October 2016
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	----		----
	<span style="color: blue">'''Activity:'''		<span style="color: blue">'''Activity:'''
	How would you raise the heavy stones up the Pyramids?		How would you raise the heavy stones up the Pyramids?</span>
	* Build a model '''[[Sled]]''' and load it with a 1kg mass then use a Newton meter to pull it up card slopes set at different angles ''(you may wish to glue lengths of stripwood under the card to stiffen it)'': how much difference does the slope angle make to the force needed to pull the sled? What do think would be the best angle for a ramp which pyramid builders could use and why?		* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[Sled]]''' and load it with a 1kg mass then use a Newton meter to pull it up card slopes set at different angles ''(you may wish to glue lengths of stripwood under the card to stiffen it)'': how much difference does the slope angle make to the force needed to pull the sled? What do think would be the best angle for a ramp which pyramid builders could use and why?</span>
	* Glue stripwood across a reinforced card ramp set to your chosen angle, fill the gaps in between with soft sand then try again. What difference does it make if you wet the sand or pour soapy water over the wood strips?		* <span style="color: blue">Glue stripwood across a reinforced card ramp set to your chosen angle, fill the gaps in between with soft sand then try again. What difference does it make if you wet the sand or pour soapy water over the wood strips?</span>
	</span>		* <span style="color: blue">Build a model '''[[Shaduf]]''' and use it to lift a 1kg mass: how does the '''Shaduf''' make it easier to lift the mass? Where do you have to apply the lifting force and how might this limit the height to which pyramid stones could have been lifted in this way? </span>
	* Build a model '''[[Shaduf]]''' and use it to lift a 1kg mass: how does the '''Shaduf''' make it easier to lift the mass? Where do you have to apply the lifting force and how might this limit the height to which pyramid stones could have been lifted in this way?
	----		----

DT Online at 16:05, 4 October 2016

2016-10-04T16:05:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:05, 4 October 2016
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	It has been calculated that each pyramid took 20 years to build and, over the next 1000 years, many of these huge structures were created. Early pyramids were built as a series of steps ~~and later, the steps~~ were faced with polished limestone to create a smooth white surface and the tops even given a metalic covering of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum '''Electrum'''] ''(a naturally occuring alloy of gold and silver)'' such that they would reflect the sun's rays as it rises behind the pyramid. Exactly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques how they were built] remains a mystery but theories include:		It has been calculated that each pyramid took 20 years to build and, over the next 1000 years, many of these huge structures were created. Early pyramids were built as a series of steps which were faced with polished limestone to create a smooth white surface and the tops even given a metalic covering of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum '''Electrum'''] ''(a naturally occuring alloy of gold and silver)'' such that they would reflect the sun's rays as it rises behind the pyramid. Exactly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques how they were built] remains a mystery but theories include:
	[[File:PyramidRamps.png\|right\|300px\|Using ramps and sleds to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]		[[File:PyramidRamps.png\|right\|300px\|Using ramps and sleds to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]
	* Using '''[[Basic Machines\|Ramps]]''' along which the stones were dragged on sledges:		* Using '''[[Basic Machines\|Ramps]]''' along which the stones were dragged on sledges:

DT Online at 16:04, 4 October 2016

2016-10-04T16:04:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:04, 4 October 2016
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	It has been calculated that each pyramid took 20 years to build and, over the next 1000 years, many of these huge structures were created. Early pyramids were built as a series of steps and later, the steps were faced to create a smooth surface and the tops even given a metalic covering of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum '''Electrum'''] ''(a naturally occuring alloy of gold and silver)'' such that they would reflect the sun's rays as it rises behind the pyramid. Exactly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques how they were built] remains a mystery but theories include:		It has been calculated that each pyramid took 20 years to build and, over the next 1000 years, many of these huge structures were created. Early pyramids were built as a series of steps and later, the steps were faced with polished limestone to create a smooth white surface and the tops even given a metalic covering of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum '''Electrum'''] ''(a naturally occuring alloy of gold and silver)'' such that they would reflect the sun's rays as it rises behind the pyramid. Exactly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques how they were built] remains a mystery but theories include:
	[[File:PyramidRamps.png\|right\|300px\|Using ramps and sleds to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]		[[File:PyramidRamps.png\|right\|300px\|Using ramps and sleds to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]
	* Using '''[[Basic Machines\|Ramps]]''' along which the stones were dragged on sledges:		* Using '''[[Basic Machines\|Ramps]]''' along which the stones were dragged on sledges:

DT Online at 15:19, 4 October 2016

2016-10-04T15:19:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 4 October 2016
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	** levers could be used to raise a stone a little at a time and then planks of wood or stones laid under until the height of a step was reached;		** levers could be used to raise a stone a little at a time and then planks of wood or stones laid under until the height of a step was reached;
	** the top one third of the pyramids contains only about 4% of the total amount of stone used so it may be that levers were used in combination with ramps to complete the top sections.		** the top one third of the pyramids contains only about 4% of the total amount of stone used so it may be that levers were used in combination with ramps to complete the top sections.
	[[File:LöhnerRopeRoll.png\|right\|300px\|Using ~~rope rolls~~ to raise pyramid stones\|link=http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/pyramid-building.html]]		[[File:LöhnerRopeRoll.png\|right\|300px\|Using Rope Rolls to raise pyramid stones\|link=http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/pyramid-building.html]]
	* Using a ‘Rope Roll’:		* Using a '''‘Rope Roll’''':
	** [http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/pyramid-building.html '''Franz Löhner'''] makes a very strong case for suggesting that the stones were pulled up wooden tracks laid up the sides of the pyramids;		** [http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/pyramid-building.html '''Franz Löhner'''] makes a very strong case for suggesting that the stones were pulled up wooden tracks laid up the sides of the pyramids;
	** short ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(a stubby wood axle made smooth by wrapping in copper)'' are mounted in the stonework face as building progresses;		** short ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(a stubby wood axle made smooth by wrapping in copper)'' are mounted in the stonework face as building progresses;
	** stones are mounted on sleds which are hauled up the tracks by ropes on either side which are wrapped around the ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(this works in much the same way as a simple '''[[Basic Machines\|Pulley]]''' although pulleys themselves were not known at this time)''.		** stones are mounted on sleds which are hauled up the tracks by ropes on either side which are wrapped around the ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(this works in much the same way as a simple '''[[Basic Machines\|Pulley]]''' although pulleys themselves were not known at this time)''.
	* Casting the stones in place:		* '''[[Casting]]''' the stones in place:
	** it has been suggested that blocks of the pyramid are not carved stone, but are mostly a form of limestone concrete that were ‘cast’ as with modern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete '''Concrete'''];		** it has been suggested that blocks of the pyramid are not carved stone, but are mostly a form of limestone concrete that were ‘cast’ as with modern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete '''Concrete'''];
	** limestone was crushed and mixed with water and lime to make a soft clay like material which was then carried up to be packed into re-usable wooden moulds which were set in place on the pyramid;		** limestone was crushed and mixed with water and lime to make a soft clay like material which was then carried up to be packed into re-usable wooden moulds which were set in place on the pyramid;

DT Online: Added rope rolls

2016-10-03T15:50:43Z

Added rope rolls

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:15, 1 March 2017
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	[[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg\|right\|400px\|All Gizah Pyramids\|link=~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids]]		[[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg\|right\|400px\|All Gizah Pyramids\|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids]]


	Around 4500 years ago ''(i.e. 2500 BC)'' the ancient Egyptians started building [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids '''Pyramids'''] as tombs for their [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh '''Pharaohs'''] without the aid of the kind of machinery we take for granted today.		Around 4500 years ago ''(i.e. 2500 BC)'' the ancient Egyptians started building [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids '''Pyramids'''] as tombs for their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh '''Pharaohs'''] without the aid of the kind of machinery we take for granted today.


	They are solid and are made from massive blocks of [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone '''sandstone'''], [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone '''limestone'''] or [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite '''granite'''] each weighing around 2½ tonnes. It is thought that the blocks were cut from local quarries using wedges and other simple hand tools made from [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper '''Copper'''] or [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze '''Bronze''']. After cutting, they were loaded into barges and floated along the [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile '''Nile'''] until they were close to the building site. They were then dragged on '''[[Ancient Egyptian Stone Sled\|Sleds]]''' to their final position.		They are solid and are made from massive blocks of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone '''sandstone'''], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone '''limestone'''] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite '''granite'''] each weighing around 2½ tonnes. It is thought that the blocks were cut from local quarries using wedges and other simple hand tools made from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper '''Copper'''] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze '''Bronze''']. After cutting, they were loaded into barges and floated along the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile '''Nile'''] until they were close to the building site. They were then dragged on '''[[Ancient Egyptian Stone Sled\|Sleds]]''' to their final position.


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	It has been calculated that each pyramid took 20 years to build and, over the next 1000 years, many of these huge structures were created. Early pyramids were built as a series of steps which were faced with polished limestone to create a smooth white surface and the tops even given a metalic covering of [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum '''Electrum'''] ''(a naturally occuring alloy of gold and silver)'' such that they would reflect the sun's rays as it rises behind the pyramid. Exactly [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques how they were built] remains a mystery but theories include:		It has been calculated that each pyramid took 20 years to build and, over the next 1000 years, many of these huge structures were created. Early pyramids were built as a series of steps which were faced with polished limestone to create a smooth white surface and the tops even given a metalic covering of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum '''Electrum'''] ''(a naturally occuring alloy of gold and silver)'' such that they would reflect the sun's rays as it rises behind the pyramid. Exactly [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques how they were built] remains a mystery but theories include:
	[[File:PyramidRamps.png\|right\|300px\|Using ramps and sleds to raise pyramid stones\|link=~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]		[[File:PyramidRamps.png\|right\|300px\|Using ramps and sleds to raise pyramid stones\|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]
	* Using '''[[Basic Machines\|Ramps]]''' along which the stones were dragged on sledges:		* Using '''[[Basic Machines\|Ramps]]''' along which the stones were dragged on sledges:
	** a long straight ramp would have been very long indeed but no trace remains and this casts doubt on the idea;		** a long straight ramp would have been very long indeed but no trace remains and this casts doubt on the idea;
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	** the pyramid itself could have been used to support ramps either which zig-zagged up a side or wrapped around the pyramid as it was built;		** the pyramid itself could have been used to support ramps either which zig-zagged up a side or wrapped around the pyramid as it was built;
	** there is some evidence that internal ramps were also used.		** there is some evidence that internal ramps were also used.
	[[File:PyramidLevers.png\|right\|300px\|Using levers to raise pyramid stones\|link=~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]		[[File:PyramidLevers.png\|right\|300px\|Using levers to raise pyramid stones\|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]
	* Using '''[[Class 1 Lever\|Levers]]''' to lift the stones up a step at a time:		* Using '''[[Class 1 Lever\|Levers]]''' to lift the stones up a step at a time:
	** levers were well known and the '''[[Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' ''(or Shadoof)'' was commonly used to raise water for irrigation;		** levers were well known and the '''[[Egyptian Shaduf\|Shaduf]]''' ''(or Shadoof)'' was commonly used to raise water for irrigation;
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	** stones are mounted on sleds which are hauled up the tracks by ropes on either side which are wrapped around the ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(this works in much the same way as a simple '''[[Basic Machines\|Pulley]]''' although pulleys themselves were not known at this time)''.		** stones are mounted on sleds which are hauled up the tracks by ropes on either side which are wrapped around the ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(this works in much the same way as a simple '''[[Basic Machines\|Pulley]]''' although pulleys themselves were not known at this time)''.
	* '''Casting''' the stones in place:		* '''Casting''' the stones in place:
	** it has been suggested that blocks of the pyramid are not carved stone, but are mostly a form of limestone concrete that were ‘cast’ as with modern [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete '''Concrete'''];		** it has been suggested that blocks of the pyramid are not carved stone, but are mostly a form of limestone concrete that were ‘cast’ as with modern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete '''Concrete'''];
	** limestone was crushed and mixed with water and lime to make a soft clay like material which was then carried up to be packed into re-usable wooden moulds which were set in place on the pyramid;		** limestone was crushed and mixed with water and lime to make a soft clay like material which was then carried up to be packed into re-usable wooden moulds which were set in place on the pyramid;
	** there is microscopic evidence of mineral compounds and air bubbles in some pyramid stones that do not occur in natural limestone but the theory is currently far from being accepted even as a remote possibility.		** there is microscopic evidence of mineral compounds and air bubbles in some pyramid stones that do not occur in natural limestone but the theory is currently far from being accepted even as a remote possibility.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:50, 3 October 2016
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	It has been calculated that each pyramid took 20 years to build and, over the next 1000 years, many of these huge structures were created. Early pyramids were built as a series of steps and later, the steps were faced to create a smooth surface and the tops even given a metalic covering of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum '''Electrum'''] ''(a naturally occuring alloy of gold and silver)'' such that they would reflect the sun's rays as it rises behind the pyramid. Exactly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques how they were built] remains a mystery but theories include:		It has been calculated that each pyramid took 20 years to build and, over the next 1000 years, many of these huge structures were created. Early pyramids were built as a series of steps and later, the steps were faced to create a smooth surface and the tops even given a metalic covering of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrum '''Electrum'''] ''(a naturally occuring alloy of gold and silver)'' such that they would reflect the sun's rays as it rises behind the pyramid. Exactly [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques how they were built] remains a mystery but theories include:
	[[File:PyramidRamps.png\|right\|300px\|Using ramps and sleds to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]		[[File:PyramidRamps.png\|right\|300px\|Using ramps and sleds to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]
	* Using ~~[http://wiki.dtonline.org/index.php/Basic_Machines~~ '''Ramps'''] along which the stones were dragged on sledges:		* Using '''[[Basic Machines\|Ramps]]''' along which the stones were dragged on sledges:
	** a long straight ramp would have been very long indeed but no trace remains ~~which~~ casts doubt on ~~this~~ idea;		** a long straight ramp would have been very long indeed but no trace remains and this casts doubt on the idea;
	** shorter ramps might have been used to take the stones up a step at a time;		** shorter ramps might have been used to take the stones up a step at a time;
	** the pyramid itself could have been used to support ramps either which zig-zagged up a side or wrapped around the pyramid as it was built.		** the pyramid itself could have been used to support ramps either which zig-zagged up a side or wrapped around the pyramid as it was built;
	** there is some evidence that internal ramps were also used.		** there is some evidence that internal ramps were also used.
			[[File:PyramidLevers.png\|right\|300px\|Using levers to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]
	* Using '''[[Class 1 Lever\|Levers]]''' to lift the stones up a step at a time:		* Using '''[[Class 1 Lever\|Levers]]''' to lift the stones up a step at a time:
	** levers were well known and the '''[[Shaduf]]''' ''(or Shadoof)'' was commonly used to raise water for irrigation~~.[[File:PyramidLevers.png\|right\|300px\|Using levers to raise pyramid stones\|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid_construction_techniques]]~~		** levers were well known and the '''[[Shaduf]]''' ''(or Shadoof)'' was commonly used to raise water for irrigation;
	** levers could be used to raise a stone a little at a time and then planks of wood or stones laid under until the height of a step was reached.		** levers could be used to raise a stone a little at a time and then planks of wood or stones laid under until the height of a step was reached;
	** the top one third of the pyramids contains only about 4% of the total amount of stone used so it may be that levers were used in combination with ramps to complete the top sections.		** the top one third of the pyramids contains only about 4% of the total amount of stone used so it may be that levers were used in combination with ramps to complete the top sections.
			[[File:LöhnerRopeRoll.png\|right\|300px\|Using rope rolls to raise pyramid stones\|link=http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/pyramid-building.html]]
			* Using a ‘Rope Roll’:
			** [http://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/pyramid-building.html '''Franz Löhner'''] makes a very strong case for suggesting that the stones were pulled up wooden tracks laid up the sides of the pyramids;
			** short ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(a stubby wood axle made smooth by wrapping in copper)'' are mounted in the stonework face as building progresses;
			** stones are mounted on sleds which are hauled up the tracks by ropes on either side which are wrapped around the ‘Rope Rolls’ ''(this works in much the same way as a simple '''[[Basic Machines\|Pulley]]''' although pulleys themselves were not known at this time)''.
	* Casting the stones in place:		* Casting the stones in place:
	** it has been suggested that blocks of the pyramid are not carved stone, but are mostly a form of limestone concrete that were ‘cast’ as with modern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete '''Concrete'''].		** it has been suggested that blocks of the pyramid are not carved stone, but are mostly a form of limestone concrete that were ‘cast’ as with modern [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete '''Concrete'''];
	** limestone was crushed and mixed with water and lime to make a soft clay like material which was then carried up to be packed into re-usable wooden moulds which were set in place on the pyramid.		** limestone was crushed and mixed with water and lime to make a soft clay like material which was then carried up to be packed into re-usable wooden moulds which were set in place on the pyramid;
	** there is microscopic evidence of mineral compounds and air bubbles in some pyramid stones that do not occur in natural limestone but the theory is currently far from being accepted even as a remote possibility.		** there is microscopic evidence of mineral compounds and air bubbles in some pyramid stones that do not occur in natural limestone but the theory is currently far from being accepted even as a remote possibility.