Category:Norman Conquest - Revision history

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	Continued advances in military tactics and technology ''(e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel '''Mangonel'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet '''Trebuchet~~'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballista '''Ballista~~'''])'', plus developments in building methods, led to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle '''Motte and Bailey'''] design becoming out dated and, by the end of the 13th century, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_castle '''Concentric Castles'''] became preferred by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet '''Plantagenet'''] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England '''King Edward I''']. These were a 'Castle within a Castle' with a central [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_castle '''Keep'''] surrounded by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat '''Moat'''] and a series of outer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification) '''Curtain Wall'''] defences.		Continued advances in military tactics and technology ''(e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel '''Mangonel'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet '''Trebuchet'''])'', plus developments in building methods, led to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle '''Motte and Bailey'''] design becoming out dated and, by the end of the 13th century, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_castle '''Concentric Castles'''] became preferred by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet '''Plantagenet'''] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England '''King Edward I''']. These were a 'Castle within a Castle' with a central [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_castle '''Keep'''] surrounded by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat '''Moat'''] and a series of outer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification) '''Curtain Wall'''] defences.
	[[File:Beaumaris plan, Cadw.jpg\|300px\|right\|Beaumaris plan, Cadw]]		[[File:Beaumaris plan, Cadw.jpg\|300px\|right\|Beaumaris plan, Cadw]]

DT Online at 07:39, 14 October 2017

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	[[File:Norman-conquest-1066.svg\|400px\|right\|Norman-conquest-1066]]		[[File:Norman-conquest-1066.svg\|400px\|right\|Norman-conquest-1066]]
	Throughout the early '''[[Middle Ages]]''', following the end of the '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' occupation of Britain, England was divided and subjected to many incursions by '''[[:Category:The Vikings\|Vikings]]''' and '''[[:Category:Anglo-Saxons\|Anglo-Saxons]]''' and was eventually united under the Saxon king [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold''']. But attempts to take the English crown continued and, in September 1066 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold'''], had to march north to defeat invading Norwegians led by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada '''Harald Hardrada'''], King of Norway, at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge '''Battle of Stamford Bridge''']. Only three weeks later, in October 1066, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold'''] had to return south, with his now exhausted army, to face a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans '''Norman'''] invasion.		Throughout the early '''[[:Category:Middle Ages\|Middle Ages]]''', following the end of the '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' occupation of Britain, England was divided and subjected to many incursions by '''[[:Category:The Vikings\|Vikings]]''' and '''[[:Category:Anglo-Saxons\|Anglo-Saxons]]''' and was eventually united under the Saxon king [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold''']. But attempts to take the English crown continued and, in September 1066 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold'''], had to march north to defeat invading Norwegians led by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada '''Harald Hardrada'''], King of Norway, at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge '''Battle of Stamford Bridge''']. Only three weeks later, in October 1066, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold'''] had to return south, with his now exhausted army, to face a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans '''Norman'''] invasion.

DT Online at 13:11, 8 October 2017

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	[[Category:Topics]]		[[Category:Topics]]
			[[Category:Middle Ages]]

DT Online: Created Category

2017-10-07T12:28:28Z

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[[File:Norman-conquest-1066.svg|400px|right|Norman-conquest-1066]]
Throughout the early '''[[Middle Ages]]''', following the end of the '''[[:Category:The Romans|Roman]]''' occupation of Britain, England was divided and subjected to many incursions by '''[[:Category:The Vikings|Vikings]]''' and '''[[:Category:Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxons]]''' and was eventually united under the Saxon king [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold''']. But attempts to take the English crown continued and, in September 1066 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold'''], had to march north to defeat invading Norwegians led by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada '''Harald Hardrada'''], King of Norway, at the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge '''Battle of Stamford Bridge''']. Only three weeks later, in October 1066, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold'''] had to return south, with his now exhausted army, to face a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans '''Norman'''] invasion.

The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans '''Normans'''] came across the English Channel from Normandy, an area in northern France which, in AD911, the French king, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Simple '''Charles III'''] gave to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo '''Viking King Rollo'''] as part of a peace treaty. So the '''Normans''' were descendants of the '''[[:Category:The Vikings|Vikings]]'''and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror '''William, Duke of Normandy'''] claimed that he and not [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold'''] should be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs '''King of England'''].
[[File:Bayeux Tapestry scene57 Harold death.jpg|300px|right|Bayeux Tapestry scene57 Harold death]]

In October 1066 the two armies met at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings '''Battle of Hastings''']. As depicted on the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry '''Bayeux Tapestry'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson '''Harold'''] was killed by an arrow in his eye and, on Christmas Day 1066 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror '''William the Conqueror'''] from Normandy was crowned [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs '''King of England'''] in York.

This brought an end to Anglo-Saxon and Viking rule and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror '''William'''] replaced all the '''Anglo-Saxon''' lords with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans '''Normans'''] and imposed a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism '''Feudal System'''] of control. Twenty years after the '''Battle of Hasting''' the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book '''Doomsday Book'''] recorded the land acquired by the new Norman owners.

The invading [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans '''Normans'''] brought with them pre-built wooden 'castles' comprising 'kits' of pre-cut timbers and bolts which could quickly be assembled into fortifications to reinforce their authority, often making use of existing sites of Roman or Saxon forts. Over time, the wooden temporary structures were replaced with stone, an example of which is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London '''Tower of London'''].
[[File:Geograph-975631-by-Duncan-Grey.jpg|300px|right|Mottte and Bailey layout|link=http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/975631]]

The initial fort-like structures on raised ground were later surrounded by a protected enclosure. This design was known as a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle '''Motte and Bailey'''] : the 'Motte' being the raised tower and the 'Bailey' the fortified enclosure. The square cornered design of the 'Motte' was vulnerable to attack by mining in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege '''Siege Warfare''']. Tunnellers would mine under a corner, prop it up with timber, then set fire to the wooden props so that the corner would become unsupported and collapse.

Continued advances in military tactics and technology ''(e.g. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel '''Mangonel'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet '''Trebuchet'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballista '''Ballista'''])'', plus developments in building methods, led to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle '''Motte and Bailey'''] design becoming out dated and, by the end of the 13th century, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_castle '''Concentric Castles'''] became preferred by the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet '''Plantagenet'''] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England '''King Edward I''']. These were a 'Castle within a Castle' with a central [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_castle '''Keep'''] surrounded by a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat '''Moat'''] and a series of outer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification) '''Curtain Wall'''] defences.
[[File:Beaumaris plan, Cadw.jpg|300px|right|Beaumaris plan, Cadw]]

In addition to massive stone castles, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans '''Normans'''] transformed the English landscape with churches, cathedrals and monasteries all of which clearly demonstrated they now controlled most major functions within the Church and the State.

A topic involving '''The Normans''' provides many opportunities for '''[[Design and Technology]]''' activities, including '''[[:Category:Stripwood Technology|making models]]''' and might include:
* Model Castles - to understand the reasons for their design and how this changed over time;
* Castle defences - including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawbridge '''Drawbridge'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis '''Portcullis'''];
* Siege Weapons - including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel '''Mangonel'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet '''Trebuchet'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballista '''Ballista'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battering_ram '''Battering Ram'''];
* '''[[Weaving]]''' and Tapestry
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_(armour) '''Chain Mail'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_(armour)#In_Europe '''Armour''']

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[[Category:Topics]]