Durability - Revision history

DT Online at 17:41, 7 January 2018

2018-01-07T17:41:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:41, 7 January 2018
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	[[File:Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697.jpg\|200px\|right\|Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697]]		[[File:Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697.jpg\|200px\|right\|Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697]]

	Some timbers are more resistant to decay, or '''Durable''', than others. They include '''Cedar''', which is a '''[[Softwood]]''' and several '''[[Hardwoods]]''' such as: '''Teak''', '''Camphor-wood''', '''Oak''' and '''Iroko'''.		Some timbers are more resistant to decay, or '''Durable''', than others. They include '''Cedar''', which is a '''[[Softwood]]''' and several '''[[Hardwood\|Hardwoods]]''' such as: '''Teak''', '''Camphor-wood''', '''Oak''' and '''Iroko'''.

DT Online at 20:29, 14 March 2017

2017-03-14T20:29:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:29, 14 March 2017
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	As with metals, less '''Durable''' timbers are commonly painted for protection and some can be oiled, but other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservation '''Wood Preservation'''] treatments exist. Traditionally [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote '''Creosote'''] was used for most external applications ''(e.g. sheds and fences)'' but this can cause irritation and less harmful substitutes are now used. Structural timbers can also be pressure treated with water borne copper-based preservatives ''(e.g. Tanalised)''. The preservative used was ‘Tanalith’ ''(i.e. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate ~~'''~~Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)~~'''~~])'' but this too is now restricted use because of environmental concerns and is substituted by Chromated Copper Boron (CCB) ''(ref: [http://www.trada.co.uk/images/onlinebooks/13D077C3-7221-437E-BE21-DED24C261CE5/ TRADA Wood Information Sheet Section 2/3 Sheet 33. Revised June 2005])''.		As with metals, less '''Durable''' timbers are commonly painted for protection and some can be oiled, but other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservation '''Wood Preservation'''] treatments exist. Traditionally [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote '''Creosote'''] was used for most external applications ''(e.g. sheds and fences)'' but this can cause irritation and less harmful substitutes are now used. Structural timbers can also be pressure treated with water borne copper-based preservatives ''(e.g. Tanalised)''. The preservative used was ‘Tanalith’ ''(i.e. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)])'' but this too is now restricted use because of environmental concerns and is substituted by Chromated Copper Boron (CCB) ''(ref: [http://www.trada.co.uk/images/onlinebooks/13D077C3-7221-437E-BE21-DED24C261CE5/ TRADA Wood Information Sheet Section 2/3 Sheet 33. Revised June 2005])''.


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	Wood can suffer from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_rot '''Dry Rot'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_rot '''Wet Rot'''] and, in either case, can be prevented by keeping the timber dry and well ventilated. Timber is also susceptible to insect and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworm '''Woodworm'''] attack. Insecticides are used to remove the infestation but if not caught soon enough the insects may have already bored hundreds of sponge-like holes in the timber rendering it unusable. Regular waxing and polishing can help prevent attacks on furniture.		Wood can suffer from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_rot '''Dry Rot'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_rot '''Wet Rot'''] and, in either case, can be prevented by keeping the timber dry and well ventilated. Timber is also susceptible to insect and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworm '''Woodworm'''] attack. Insecticides are used to remove the infestation but if not caught soon enough the insects may have already bored hundreds of sponge-like holes in the timber rendering it unusable. Regular waxing and polishing can help prevent attacks on furniture.


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	=====Plastics=====		=====Plastics=====
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	[[File:Packaging2.png\|200px\|right\|Plastics Packaging]]		[[File:Packaging2.png\|200px\|right\|Plastics Packaging]]

	There is some concern that most plastics may never fully decompose - and are therefore very '''Durable'''. Instead, they gradually just turn into smaller and smaller pieces of plastics that micro-organisms don't recognise as food and so cannot technically be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation '''Biodegradable''']. Some plastics break down, or degrade, when exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the sun - a process known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodegradation '''Photodegradation'''] but the same problem exists concerning their reduction to microscopic granules which build up in the environment, in the stomachs of wildlife, and eventually plastic particles infiltrate every step in the food chain - including the food we eat.		There is some concern that most plastics may never fully decompose - and are therefore very '''Durable'''. Instead, they gradually just turn into smaller and smaller pieces of plastics that micro-organisms don't recognise as food and so cannot technically be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation '''Biodegradable''']. Some plastics break down, or degrade, when exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, a process known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodegradation '''Photodegradation'''], but the same problem exists concerning their reduction to microscopic granules which build up in the environment, in the stomachs of wildlife, and eventually plastic particles infiltrate every step in the food chain - including the food we eat.

DT Online at 20:23, 14 March 2017

2017-03-14T20:23:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:23, 14 March 2017
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	[[File:Metal watering can.jpg\|200px\|right\|Metal watering can]]		[[File:Metal watering can.jpg\|200px\|right\|Metal watering can]]
	'''Iron''' and '''Steel''' react quickly with air and moisture to produce the surface oxide we know as '''Rust''' but other metals also corrode. '''~~Alumium~~''' is ~~also~~ very reactive and ~~susceptable~~ to atmospheric corrosion but, by contrast its oxide forms a protective coating which resists further corrosion. The aluminium surface oxide layer is porous and can readily be coloured by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing '''Anodising''']. '''Copper''' and its '''[[Alloy\|Alloys]]''' oxidise to produce a green pigmented coating called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris '''Verdigris''']. Corrosion resistant metals include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin '''Tin'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel '''Stainless Steel''']. '''Silver''' will [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnish '''Tarnish'''] but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold '''Gold'''] is almost inert and does not oxidise under normal conditions.		'''Iron''' and '''Steel''' react quickly with air and moisture to produce the surface oxide we know as '''Rust''' but other metals also corrode. '''Aluminium''' is very reactive and susceptible to atmospheric corrosion but, by contrast its oxide forms a protective coating which resists further corrosion. The aluminium surface oxide layer is porous and can readily be coloured by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing '''Anodising''']. '''Copper''' and its '''[[Alloy\|Alloys]]''' oxidise to produce a green pigmented coating called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris '''Verdigris''']. Corrosion resistant metals include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin '''Tin'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel '''Stainless Steel''']. '''Silver''' will [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnish '''Tarnish'''] but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold '''Gold'''] is almost inert and does not oxidise under normal conditions.


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	[[File:Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697.jpg\|200px\|right\|Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697]]		[[File:Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697.jpg\|200px\|right\|Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697]]

	Some timbers are more resistant to decay, or '''Durable''', than others. They include '''Cedar''', which is a '''[[Softwood]]''' and several '''[[Hardwoods]]''' such as: '''Teak''', '''~~Camphorwood~~''', '''Oak''' and '''Iroko'''.		Some timbers are more resistant to decay, or '''Durable''', than others. They include '''Cedar''', which is a '''[[Softwood]]''' and several '''[[Hardwoods]]''' such as: '''Teak''', '''Camphor-wood''', '''Oak''' and '''Iroko'''.


	As with metals, less '''Durable''' timbers are commonly painted for protection and some can be oiled, but other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservation '''Wood Preservation'''] treatments exist. Traditionally [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote '''Creosote'''] was used for most external applications ''(e.g. sheds and fences)'' but it can ~~case~~ irritation and less harmful substitutes are now used. Structural timbers can also be pressure treated with water borne copper-based preservatives ''(e.g. Tanalised)''. The preservative used was ‘Tanalith’ ''(i.e. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate '''Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)'''])'' but this too is now restricted use because of environmental concerns and is substituted by Chromated Copper Boron (CCB) ''(ref: [http://www.trada.co.uk/images/onlinebooks/13D077C3-7221-437E-BE21-DED24C261CE5/ TRADA Wood Information Sheet Section 2/3 Sheet 33. Revised June 2005])''.		As with metals, less '''Durable''' timbers are commonly painted for protection and some can be oiled, but other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservation '''Wood Preservation'''] treatments exist. Traditionally [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote '''Creosote'''] was used for most external applications ''(e.g. sheds and fences)'' but this can cause irritation and less harmful substitutes are now used. Structural timbers can also be pressure treated with water borne copper-based preservatives ''(e.g. Tanalised)''. The preservative used was ‘Tanalith’ ''(i.e. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate '''Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)'''])'' but this too is now restricted use because of environmental concerns and is substituted by Chromated Copper Boron (CCB) ''(ref: [http://www.trada.co.uk/images/onlinebooks/13D077C3-7221-437E-BE21-DED24C261CE5/ TRADA Wood Information Sheet Section 2/3 Sheet 33. Revised June 2005])''.


	[[File:Anobium punctatum side.jpg\|200px\|right\|Anobium punctatum side]]		[[File:Anobium punctatum side.jpg\|200px\|right\|Anobium punctatum side]]

	Wood can suffer from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_rot '''Dry Rot'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_rot '''Wet Rot'''] and, in either case, can be prevented by keeping the timber dry and well ventilated. Timber is also ~~susceptable~~ to insect and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworm '''Woodworm'''] attack. Insecticides are used to remove the infestation but if not caught soon enough the insects may have ~~aleady~~ bored hundreds of sponge-like holes in the timber rendering it ~~unuseable~~. Regular waxing and polishing can help prevent attacks on furniture.		Wood can suffer from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_rot '''Dry Rot'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_rot '''Wet Rot'''] and, in either case, can be prevented by keeping the timber dry and well ventilated. Timber is also susceptible to insect and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworm '''Woodworm'''] attack. Insecticides are used to remove the infestation but if not caught soon enough the insects may have already bored hundreds of sponge-like holes in the timber rendering it unusable. Regular waxing and polishing can help prevent attacks on furniture.

DT Online at 20:18, 14 March 2017

2017-03-14T20:18:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:18, 14 March 2017
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	[[File:Rusted Bridge.jpg\|200px\|right\|Rusted Bridge]]		[[File:Rusted Bridge.jpg\|200px\|right\|Rusted Bridge]]
	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durability '''Durability'''] is the ability to withstand wear and tear, to last over time and resist weathering, corroding, rotting or infestation for example. Products which are '''Durable''' are ''‘built to last’''.		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durability '''Durability'''] is the ability to withstand wear and tear, to last over time and resist weathering, corroding, rotting or infestation for example. Products which are '''Durable''' are ''‘built to last’''.


			[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_glass '''Glass'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery '''Ceramics'''] are '''[[Brittleness\|Brittle]]''' and fragile but perhaps the most '''Durable''' of commonly used materials. Early [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic Neolithic] pottery items have been found by archaeologists and glass artefacts from glass-making's beginnings in '''[[:Category: Ancient Egypt\|Ancient Egypt]]''', around 2000 B.C., still exist. Modern glass is practically immortal!


			<div style="clear: both;"></div>


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	=====Metals=====		=====Metals=====

	~~<div style="clear: both;"></div>~~
	[[File:Metal watering can.jpg\|200px\|right\|Metal watering can]]		[[File:Metal watering can.jpg\|200px\|right\|Metal watering can]]
	'''Iron''' and '''Steel''' react quickly with air and moisture to produce the surface oxide we know as '''Rust''' but other metals also corrode. '''Alumium''' is also very reactive and susceptable to atmospheric corrosion but, by contrast its oxide forms a protective coating which resists further corrosion. The aluminium surface oxide layer is porous and can readily be coloured by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing '''Anodising''']. '''Copper''' and its '''[[Alloy\|Alloys]]''' oxidise to produce a green pigmented coating called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris '''Verdigris''']. Corrosion resistant metals include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin '''Tin'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel '''Stainless Steel''']. '''Silver''' will [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnish '''Tarnish'''] but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold '''Gold'''] is almost inert and does not oxidise under normal conditions.		'''Iron''' and '''Steel''' react quickly with air and moisture to produce the surface oxide we know as '''Rust''' but other metals also corrode. '''Alumium''' is also very reactive and susceptable to atmospheric corrosion but, by contrast its oxide forms a protective coating which resists further corrosion. The aluminium surface oxide layer is porous and can readily be coloured by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing '''Anodising''']. '''Copper''' and its '''[[Alloy\|Alloys]]''' oxidise to produce a green pigmented coating called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris '''Verdigris''']. Corrosion resistant metals include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin '''Tin'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel '''Stainless Steel''']. '''Silver''' will [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnish '''Tarnish'''] but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold '''Gold'''] is almost inert and does not oxidise under normal conditions.

DT Online: Created article

2017-03-14T19:38:04Z

Created article

New page

[[File:Rusted Bridge.jpg|200px|right|Rusted Bridge]]
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durability '''Durability'''] is the ability to withstand wear and tear, to last over time and resist weathering, corroding, rotting or infestation for example. Products which are '''Durable''' are ''‘built to last’''.

[[File:Motorcycle Reflections bw edit.jpg|200px|right|Motorcycle Reflections bw edit]]
__TOC__

=====Metals=====

<div style="clear: both;"></div>
[[File:Metal watering can.jpg|200px|right|Metal watering can]]
'''Iron''' and '''Steel''' react quickly with air and moisture to produce the surface oxide we know as '''Rust''' but other metals also corrode. '''Alumium''' is also very reactive and susceptable to atmospheric corrosion but, by contrast its oxide forms a protective coating which resists further corrosion. The aluminium surface oxide layer is porous and can readily be coloured by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodizing '''Anodising''']. '''Copper''' and its '''[[Alloy|Alloys]]''' oxidise to produce a green pigmented coating called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris '''Verdigris''']. Corrosion resistant metals include [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin '''Tin'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel '''Stainless Steel''']. '''Silver''' will [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnish '''Tarnish'''] but [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold '''Gold'''] is almost inert and does not oxidise under normal conditions.

A common method of surface protection is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint '''Painting'''] but metals can also be protected by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplating '''Electro-plating'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanization '''Hot Dipping'''], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_coating '''Powder Coating'''] and other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plating '''Plating'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry) '''Passivation'''] techniques.

=====Timber=====

[[File:Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697.jpg|200px|right|Rotting timber, Castle Park - geograph.org.uk - 1024697]]

Some timbers are more resistant to decay, or '''Durable''', than others. They include '''Cedar''', which is a '''[[Softwood]]''' and several '''[[Hardwoods]]''' such as: '''Teak''', '''Camphorwood''', '''Oak''' and '''Iroko'''.

As with metals, less '''Durable''' timbers are commonly painted for protection and some can be oiled, but other [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservation '''Wood Preservation'''] treatments exist. Traditionally [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote '''Creosote'''] was used for most external applications ''(e.g. sheds and fences)'' but it can case irritation and less harmful substitutes are now used. Structural timbers can also be pressure treated with water borne copper-based preservatives ''(e.g. Tanalised)''. The preservative used was ‘Tanalith’ ''(i.e. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate '''Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)'''])'' but this too is now restricted use because of environmental concerns and is substituted by Chromated Copper Boron (CCB) ''(ref: [http://www.trada.co.uk/images/onlinebooks/13D077C3-7221-437E-BE21-DED24C261CE5/ TRADA Wood Information Sheet Section 2/3 Sheet 33. Revised June 2005])''.

[[File:Anobium punctatum side.jpg|200px|right|Anobium punctatum side]]

Wood can suffer from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_rot '''Dry Rot'''] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_rot '''Wet Rot'''] and, in either case, can be prevented by keeping the timber dry and well ventilated. Timber is also susceptable to insect and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodworm '''Woodworm'''] attack. Insecticides are used to remove the infestation but if not caught soon enough the insects may have aleady bored hundreds of sponge-like holes in the timber rendering it unuseable. Regular waxing and polishing can help prevent attacks on furniture.

----
<span style="color: green">'''Note:'''
A traditional method of preserving fence posts is to burn the outer layers - a process known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservation#Charring '''Charring'''] and wooden ships' hulls were once sheathed in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_preservation#Copper_plating '''Copper'''] to shield them from attack by sea-borne infestation.
</span>
----

=====Plastics=====

[[File:Packaging2.png|200px|right|Plastics Packaging]]

There is some concern that most plastics may never fully decompose - and are therefore very '''Durable'''. Instead, they gradually just turn into smaller and smaller pieces of plastics that micro-organisms don't recognise as food and so cannot technically be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation '''Biodegradable''']. Some plastics break down, or degrade, when exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the sun - a process known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodegradation '''Photodegradation'''] but the same problem exists concerning their reduction to microscopic granules which build up in the environment, in the stomachs of wildlife, and eventually plastic particles infiltrate every step in the food chain - including the food we eat.

[[File:Madera plástica.jpg|200px|right|Madera plástica]]

Two main types of plastics designated as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation '''Biodegradable'''] : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic '''Bioplastics'''], which are derived from organic sources such as vegetable oils, starch and cellulose, and petroleum-based plastics which are rendered [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradation '''Biodegradable'''] by combining with additives which cause more rapid decay in the presence of light, oxygen, moisture and heat. Plastics can also be [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_recycling '''Recycled'''] to make new products such as garden chairs, tables and fence posts.

[[Category:Terminology]]