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	[[File:Bicycle Frame Diagram-en.svg\|400px\|right\|Bicycle Frame Diagram-en\|link=~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame]]		[[File:Bicycle Frame Diagram-en.svg\|400px\|right\|Bicycle Frame Diagram-en\|link=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame]]
	The technique of using '''[[Force Diagrams]]''' to determine missing '''[[Reactions (structures)\|Reactions]]''' comes into its own when considering frames.		The technique of using '''[[Force Diagrams]]''' to determine missing '''[[Reactions (structures)\|Reactions]]''' comes into its own when considering frames.

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	[[File:FrameJointsResolved.png\|250px\|right]]		[[File:FrameJointsResolved.png\|250px\|right]]
	By [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion'''Newton's 3rd Law'''], the force in a member at one end must be balanced by an equal and opposite force at the other.		By [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion'''Newton's 3rd Law'''], the force in a member at one end must be balanced by an equal and opposite force at the other.

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	[[File:FrameJointResultant.png\|300px\|right]]		[[File:FrameJointResultant.png\|300px\|right]]
	Roofs for example, may not only have to carry their own weight, but may also need to withstand the force of wind for example.		Roofs for example, may not only have to carry their own weight, but may also need to withstand the force of wind, or '''[[Wind Load]]''' for example.


	In the example shown, '''F1''' is the force of the wind ''(or ~~wind loading~~)'' and '''F2''' is the force exerted by the load. By '''[[Bow's Notation]]''' a letter is allocated to the space between '''F1''' and '''F2''' but we cannot work clockwise around the top joint as before because there are now too many unknowns to complete the '''[[Force Diagrams\|Force Diagram]]'''		In the example shown, '''F1''' is the force of the wind ''(or '''[[Wind Load]]''')'' and '''F2''' is the force exerted by the load. By '''[[Bow's Notation]]''' a letter is allocated to the space between '''F1''' and '''F2''' but we cannot work clockwise around the top joint as before because there are now too many unknowns to complete the '''[[Force Diagrams\|Force Diagram]]'''

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[[File:Bicycle Frame Diagram-en.svg|400px|right|Bicycle Frame Diagram-en|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame]]
The technique of using '''[[Force Diagrams]]''' to determine missing '''[[Reactions (structures)|Reactions]]''' comes into its own when considering frames.

When calculating the forces within a frame certain assumptions are made:
* all joints are regarded as pin-joints - like hinges
* all loads and forces are applied at the joints
* forces are carried within the frame members - and so their direction is the force direction
* the frame is in '''[[Equilibrium]]''' and is '''statically determinate'''

__TOC__

=====Frame Notation=====

[[File:FrameBowsNotation.png|200px|right]]
If a simple triangular roof frame is loaded in the same way as a beam, then the ''[[Reactions (structures)|Reactions]]''' can be determined in just the same way, but '''[[Force Diagrams]]''' help us also to find the force in each of the members - and whether they are '''[[Strut|Struts]]''' or '''[[Tie|Ties]]'''.

'''[[Bow's Notation]]''' can be applied, as when '''[[Calculating Forces in Beams]]''', by going around the frame clockwise and labelling each space between forces with a capital letter. The difference is that now the labelling is continued by giving each space within the frame a letter also.

The result is not only that the load is labelled '''ab''' and the two reactions '''bc''' and '''ca''' but the three frame members are labelled '''AD''', '''BD''' and '''CD'''.

=====Magnitude of Forces in Frame Members=====

[[File:FrameForceTriangle.png|100px|right]]
We can now go around the frame clockwise to draw a '''[[Force Diagrams|Force Diagram]]'''
.

Starting with the '''Load''' force '''AB''', we can draw a '''[[Vector]]''' scaled to represent its magnitude from '''a''' down to '''b'''.

Since all forces within the frame must be carried within the frame '''[[Structural Member|Members]]''', we can continue to find all the forces around the joint at the top of the frame where the load is applied as follows:
* continuing clockwise round the top joint, force '''bd''' must be parallel to member '''BD''' and so we can draw a line through '''b''' along which '''d''' must lie somewhere.
* similarly, force '''da''' must be parallel to member '''DA''' and can be drawn through '''a''' to intersect the force '''bd''' at '''d'''.

=====Direction of Forces in Members=====

[[File:FrameLoadJoint.png|200px|right]]
It is a feature of drawing '''[[Force Diagrams]]''' in this way that '''the arrows follow each other around the force triangle''' ''(or '''[[Force Diagrams|polygon]]''')''

Continuing to look at the top joint, all the forces, both from the load and within members, are represented in the '''[[Force Diagrams|Force Triangle]]''' '''abd'''.

We started off by drawing force '''AB''' going from a down to '''b''' so, following the arrows around the triangle, we now know that, at the top joint, the force in the member '''BD''' goes up from '''b''' to '''d''' and the force in '''DA''' goes from '''d''' up to '''a'''

=====Struts or Ties?=====

[[File:FrameJointsResolved.png|250px|right]]
By [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_laws_of_motion'''Newton's 3rd Law'''], the force in a member at one end must be balanced by an equal and opposite force at the other.

So, if the member '''DA''' is pushing upwards at the top joint, it must be pushing downwards at the bottom ''(i.e. the member '''DA''' is pushing outwards, trying to extend itself, and is therefore a '''[[Strut]]''')''.The same reasoning can be applied to show that '''BD''' is also a '''[[Strut]]'''.

Since points '''d''' and '''c''' exist on the '''[[Force Diagrams|Force Diagram]]''', then working round the bottom left joint, force '''dc''' can be drawn.

Following arrows round the triangle for the bottom left joint '''ADC''', we now know that force '''ad''' is downward at that end and so following its direction, '''cd''' is pulling inwards - so '''DC''' is a '''[[Tie]]''' which is what we would expect.

=====Resultants of Forces=====

[[File:FrameJointResultant.png|300px|right]]
Roofs for example, may not only have to carry their own weight, but may also need to withstand the force of wind for example.

In the example shown, '''F1''' is the force of the wind ''(or wind loading)'' and '''F2''' is the force exerted by the load. By '''[[Bow's Notation]]''' a letter is allocated to the space between '''F1''' and '''F2''' but we cannot work clockwise around the top joint as before because there are now too many unknowns to complete the '''[[Force Diagrams|Force Diagram]]'''

The solution is to reduce the two forces at the top to one - known as the '''[[Vector|Resultant]]'''

A '''[[Force Diagrams|Parallelogram of Forces]]''' is drawn in which two adjacent sides are drawn parallel to '''F1''' and '''F2''' and scaled to represent their magnitudes.

The diagonal to this parallelogram is the '''[[Vector|Resultant]]''' - a force which would have the same effect as the other two combined.

=====Strength of Ties=====

[[File:TensileTestRig.png|500px|right]]
One purpose of calculating the forces in members is to determine if the size, shape and type of materials they are made from, are sufficient to withstand the loads applied.

The actual load is divided by the cross-sectional area to give the '''[[Stress]]''' applied as a result.

This value can be compared against tables of known values for the '''[[Tensile Strength|Ultimate Tensile Stress]]''' of the materials used - or as determined by experiment using a tensile testing rig or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensometer '''Tensometer'''].

=====Strength of Struts=====

[[File:ElephantPillar2.png|200px|right]]
These members are subjected to compression and their likelihood to fail simply by lack of compressive strength can be calculated in much the same way as for tensile strength.

But '''[[Strut|Struts]]''' are more likely to buckle first when subjected to pressure - assuming the struts are made of a sensible material and not something so brittle it is likely to explode under pressure(!)

The point at which a strut might buckle can be assessed using a simplified form of '''[[Buckling|Euler's Buckling Equation]]''' as follows:

::::::::::[[File:EulersBucklingEquation.png|300px|Eulers Buckling Equation]]

Where:
* '''Pcrit''' = the '''Critical Force''' at which the strut will start to buckle
* '''E''' = the '''[[Young's Modulus]]''' of the material ''(obtainable from tables or by experiment)''
* '''Capital I''' = the '''[[Moment of Inertia]]''' about the '''[[Neutral Axis]]''' ''(for a rectangular beam this is its breadth times the depth cubed divided by 12)''
* '''L''' = the length of the '''[[Strut]]''' ''(this is taken as the total length since the strut is pin-jointed at each end but would vary with other fixing methods - see '''[[Buckling|Euler's Buckling Equation]]''')

[[Category:Frames]]

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