Mortise and Tenon Joint - Revision history

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			=====Description=====
	[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon '''Mortise and Tenon Joints'''] ''(aka Mortice and Tenon)'' are the most common and strongest framing joint. They can be used wherever a frame construction is required and have many variations.		[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon '''Mortise and Tenon Joints'''] ''(aka Mortice and Tenon)'' are the most common and strongest framing joint. They can be used wherever a frame construction is required and have many variations.

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	** This is known as '''Fox Wedging''' and care must be taken to ensure the wedges are accurately cut to ensure the joint closes completely on assembly.		** This is known as '''Fox Wedging''' and care must be taken to ensure the wedges are accurately cut to ensure the joint closes completely on assembly.


			{{Wood Joints Buyers Guide}}


	[[Category:Wood Joints]]		[[Category:Wood Joints]]

DT Online at 09:39, 13 May 2016

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	* '''Using a [[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]'''		* '''Using a [[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]'''
	** Grip the work firmly in a '''[[Carpenters Vice]]''' and set it deep in to the jaws to add side support as the joint is cut ''(if needed, scap wood could also be placed under the work-piece to add support under)''.		** Grip the work firmly in a '''[[Carpenters Vice]]''' and set it deep in to the jaws to add side support as the joint is cut ''(if needed, scap wood could also be placed under the work-piece to add support under)''.
	** Position the '''[[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]''' a few millimetres in from the centre of the '''Mortise''' and work each way towards the end the blade bevel is facing ''(this is so that when struck with a '''[[Mallets\|Mallet]]''', the '''[[Chisels\|Chisel]]''' will be driven not only downwards but also towards the centre of the '''Mortise''')''.		** Position the '''[[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]''' a few millimetres in from the centre of the '''Mortise''' and work each way towards the end the blade bevel is facing ''(this is so that when struck with a '''[[:Category:Mallets\|Mallet]]''', the '''[[Chisels\|Chisel]]''' will be driven not only downwards but also towards the centre of the '''Mortise''')''.
	** Once the bulk of the waste is cleared out, reverse the '''[[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]''' such that its blade bevel is facing the centre of the '''Mortise''' and finished to size with vertical cuts.		** Once the bulk of the waste is cleared out, reverse the '''[[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]''' such that its blade bevel is facing the centre of the '''Mortise''' and finished to size with vertical cuts.
	* '''Drilling and [[Paring]]'''		* '''Drilling and [[Paring]]'''

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	* If required, a '''[[Gauges\|Marking Gauge]]''' is used to scribe the depth of any '''Haunches'''		* If required, a '''[[Gauges\|Marking Gauge]]''' is used to scribe the depth of any '''Haunches'''
	* A '''[[Marking Knife]]''' is used with a '''[[Try Square]]''' to scribe an incised line along where the shoulders are to be cut.		* A '''[[Marking Knife]]''' is used with a '''[[Try Square]]''' to scribe an incised line along where the shoulders are to be cut.
	[[File:MortiseTenonMarkingOut.png\|~~500px~~\|~~right~~]]		[[File:MortiseTenonMarkingOut.png\|600px\|center]]


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	* Reverse the angle and saw position carefully to saw along the gauge lines along the other side and once again across the end.		* Reverse the angle and saw position carefully to saw along the gauge lines along the other side and once again across the end.
	* Arrange the work vertically in the '''[[Carpenters Vice]]''' and continue the cut down to the ''shoulders'', using the previous angled cuts to guide the blade - and always with the waste on the ''blind side'' of the saw.		* Arrange the work vertically in the '''[[Carpenters Vice]]''' and continue the cut down to the ''shoulders'', using the previous angled cuts to guide the blade - and always with the waste on the ''blind side'' of the saw.
	[[File:HalvingJointSawingCheek.png\|~~700px~~\|~~right~~]]		[[File:HalvingJointSawingCheek.png\|750px\|center]]
	----		----
	<span style="color: green">'''Note:'''		<span style="color: green">'''Note:'''

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	[[File:TwinStub.png\|~~200px~~\|right]]		[[File:TwinStub.png\|250px\|right]]
	* '''Double and Twin Tenons'''		* '''Double and Twin Tenons'''
	** '''Double Tenons''' are useful where the rail is very wide since an over-wide '''Mortise''' may weaken the stile and such a wide '''Tenon''' may become loose because of shrinkage.		** '''Double Tenons''' are useful where the rail is very wide since an over-wide '''Mortise''' may weaken the stile and such a wide '''Tenon''' may become loose because of shrinkage.

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	** The two '''Tenons''' can be connected by a '''Haunch''' type connecting piece to help prevent the rail twisting.		** The two '''Tenons''' can be connected by a '''Haunch''' type connecting piece to help prevent the rail twisting.
	** '''Twin Tenons''' are used on thick timber and are also a useful joint to connect wide rails to end frames as shown.		** '''Twin Tenons''' are used on thick timber and are also a useful joint to connect wide rails to end frames as shown.
	** '''Twin Tenons''' can be used on the end of a shelf for example, perhaps which is also '''[[Housing Joint\|Housed]]''' into the carcass sides, and if '''Through Tenons''', can be used with contrasting wedges to create a decorative effect on the outside of the cabinet.		** '''Twin Tenons''' can be used on the end of a shelf for example, perhaps which is also '''[[Housing Joint\|Housed]]''' into the carcass sides, and if '''Through Tenons''', can be used with contrasting wedges to create a decorative effect on the outside of the cabinet. When used in this way with equal size '''pins''' and '''sockets''', they can be regarded as a type of '''[[Comb Joint]]'''.

DT Online at 16:03, 16 February 2016

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	----		----
	<span style="color: green">'''Note:'''		<span style="color: green">'''Note:'''
	Turn the work piece round in the vice to ensure it is the waste which is always on the 'blind side' of the saw.		Turn the work-piece round in the vice to ensure it is the waste which is always on the 'blind side' of the saw.
	</span>		</span>
	----		----
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	</span>		</span>
	----		----
	* If required, the sawn '''Tenons''' can be '''[[Paring\|Pared]]''' to the gauge lines with a sharp '''[[Chisels\|Chisel]]''' ''(but ~~a good~~ crafts-person will produce joints 'off the saw'!)''		* If required, the sawn '''Tenons''' can be '''[[Paring\|Pared]]''' to the gauge lines with a sharp '''[[Chisels\|Chisel]]''' ''(but an experienced crafts-person will produce joints 'off the saw'!)''
	[[File:TenonParing.png\|200px\|left]]		[[File:TenonParing.png\|200px\|left]]
	[[File:TenonSawingHaunch.png \|300px\|right]]		[[File:TenonSawingHaunch.png \|300px\|right]]


	* For a '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon Joint''', the '''Haunches are cut using a '''[[Tenon Saw]]'''.		* For a '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon Joint''', the '''Haunches''' are cut using a '''[[Tenon Saw]]'''.

	<div style="clear: both;"></div>		<div style="clear: both;"></div>

DT Online: Corrected Links

2016-02-16T16:00:56Z

Corrected Links

DT Online at 15:58, 16 February 2016

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	* '''Drilling and [[Paring]]'''		* '''Drilling and [[Paring]]'''
	** Drill holes close together along the length of the '''Mortise''' - use a drill diameter slightly less than the finished width ''(to allow for cleaning up by '''[[Paring]]''' after)''.		** Drill holes close together along the length of the '''Mortise''' - use a drill diameter slightly less than the finished width ''(to allow for cleaning up by '''[[Paring]]''' after)''.
	** Clear out the waste using '''[[Chisels]]''' ''(see '''[[Bridle Joint]]''')''.		** Clear out the waste using '''[[Chisels]]''' ''(see '''[[Bridle_Joint#Cutting_Bridle_Joint_.27Sockets.27\|Bridle Joint]]''')''.
	* '''Hollow Chisel [[Mortiser]]'''		* '''Hollow Chisel [[Mortiser]]'''
	** Cut along the length of the '''Mortise''' with repeated cuts from a '''[[Mortiser\|Hollow Chisel Mortiser]]''' to remove all waste.		** Cut along the length of the '''Mortise''' with repeated cuts from a '''[[Mortiser\|Hollow Chisel Mortiser]]''' to remove all waste ''(see '''[[Bridle_Joint#Cutting_Bridle_Joint_.27Sockets.27\|Bridle Joint]]''')''.

DT Online at 15:54, 16 February 2016

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	* '''Using a [[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]'''		* '''Using a [[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]'''
	** Grip the work firmly in a '''[[Carpenters Vice]]''' and set it deep in to the jaws to add side support as the joint is cut ''(if needed, scap wood could also be placed under the work-piece to add support under)''.		** Grip the work firmly in a '''[[Carpenters Vice]]''' and set it deep in to the jaws to add side support as the joint is cut ''(if needed, scap wood could also be placed under the work-piece to add support under)''.
	** Position the '''[[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]''' a few millimetres in from ~~one end~~ of the '''Mortise''' ~~with~~ the blade bevel facing ~~that end~~ ''(this is so that when struck with a '''[[Mallets\|Mallet]]''', the '''[[Chisels\|Chisel]]''' will be driven not only downwards but also towards the centre of the '''Mortise''')''.		** Position the '''[[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]''' a few millimetres in from the centre of the '''Mortise''' and work each way towards the end the blade bevel is facing ''(this is so that when struck with a '''[[Mallets\|Mallet]]''', the '''[[Chisels\|Chisel]]''' will be driven not only downwards but also towards the centre of the '''Mortise''')''.
	** Once the bulk of the waste is cleared out, reverse the '''[[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]''' such that its blade bevel is facing the centre of the '''Mortise''' and finished to size with vertical cuts.		** Once the bulk of the waste is cleared out, reverse the '''[[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]''' such that its blade bevel is facing the centre of the '''Mortise''' and finished to size with vertical cuts.
	* '''Drilling and [[Paring]]'''		* '''Drilling and [[Paring]]'''

DT Online at 15:51, 16 February 2016

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	[~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon '''Mortise and Tenon Joints'''] ''(aka Mortice and Tenon)'' are the most common and strongest framing joint. They can be used wherever a frame construction is required and have many variations.		[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon '''Mortise and Tenon Joints'''] ''(aka Mortice and Tenon)'' are the most common and strongest framing joint. They can be used wherever a frame construction is required and have many variations.


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	Where '''Mortise and Tenon Joints''' are used to create a frame corner ''(i.e. at the end of a 'stile')'' the '''Mortise''' is stopped short of the end and a '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon''' used. In high quality cabinet work, the '''Mortises''' may be stopped short of the width of the stile such that [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''End Grain'''] remains hidden. These are known as '''Stub Mortise and Tenons'''.		Where '''Mortise and Tenon Joints''' are used to create a frame corner ''(i.e. at the end of a 'stile')'' the '''Mortise''' is stopped short of the end and a '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon''' used. In high quality cabinet work, the '''Mortises''' may be stopped short of the width of the stile such that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''End Grain'''] remains hidden. These are known as '''Stub Mortise and Tenons'''.


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	** The '''Mortise''' is cut a litle narrower than the width of the rail except for a portion which receives the base of the '''Tenon''' and forms the '''Haunch'''.		** The '''Mortise''' is cut a litle narrower than the width of the rail except for a portion which receives the base of the '''Tenon''' and forms the '''Haunch'''.
	** The purpose of the '''Haunch''' is to maintain support across the full width of the '''Tenon''' to help prevent any twisting.		** The purpose of the '''Haunch''' is to maintain support across the full width of the '''Tenon''' to help prevent any twisting.
	** A '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon''' also has the advantage that it can usefully close off a [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28joinery%29 '''Groove'''] where these run round the inside edge of a frame.		** A '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon''' also has the advantage that it can usefully close off a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28joinery%29 '''Groove'''] where these run round the inside edge of a frame.
	** Where it is undesirable to show the '''Haunch''' at the end, the '''Tenon''' shoulder can be sloped and this also can close off a [ ~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28joinery%29 '''Groove'''].		** Where it is undesirable to show the '''Haunch''' at the end, the '''Tenon''' shoulder can be sloped and this also can close off a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28joinery%29 '''Groove'''].
	** '''Tenons''' with such sloping shoulders are also known as '''Gunstock Mortise and Tenons'''.		** '''Tenons''' with such sloping shoulders are also known as '''Gunstock Mortise and Tenons'''.

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	[[File:BarefacedLongShort.png\|150px\|right]]		[[File:BarefacedLongShort.png\|150px\|right]]
	* '''Barefaced and Long and Short Shouldered Mortise and Tenon'''		* '''Barefaced and Long and Short Shouldered Mortise and Tenon'''
	** Used in situations where it is a [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet '''Rebate'''] ''(aka Rabbet)'' running round the inside of a frame.		** Used in situations where it is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet '''Rebate'''] ''(aka Rabbet)'' running round the inside of a frame.
	** A '''Barefaced Tenon''' enables a single panel to be fitted to a frame where cross rails or end rails would normally prevent this.		** A '''Barefaced Tenon''' enables a single panel to be fitted to a frame where cross rails or end rails would normally prevent this.
	** To close off the end of a [~~https~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet '''Rebate'''], one shoulder of the '''Tenon''' can be made to extend in to it to create a '''Long and Short Shoulder Mortise and Tenon'''.		** To close off the end of a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet '''Rebate'''], one shoulder of the '''Tenon''' can be made to extend in to it to create a '''Long and Short Shoulder Mortise and Tenon'''.
	<div style="clear: both;"></div>		<div style="clear: both;"></div>

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	Where '''Mortise and Tenon Joints''' are used to create a frame corner ''(i.e. at the end of a 'stile')'' the '''Mortise''' is stopped short of the end and a '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon''' used. In high quality cabinet work, the '''Mortises''' may be stopped short of the width of the stile such that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''End Grain'''] remains hidden. These are known as '''Stub Mortise and Tenons'''. ~~For extra strength, saw cuts are made down the '''Tenons''' which receive wedges when assembled. When wedges are used in a 'stopped' '''Mortise and Tenon Joint''', it is known as '''Fox Wedging'''.~~		Where '''Mortise and Tenon Joints''' are used to create a frame corner ''(i.e. at the end of a 'stile')'' the '''Mortise''' is stopped short of the end and a '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon''' used. In high quality cabinet work, the '''Mortises''' may be stopped short of the width of the stile such that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''End Grain'''] remains hidden. These are known as '''Stub Mortise and Tenons'''.


	[[File:MortiseTenon.png\|400px\|right]]		[[File:MortiseTenon.png\|400px\|right]]
			For extra strength, saw cuts are made down the '''Tenons''' which receive wedges when assembled. When wedges are used in a 'stopped' '''Mortise and Tenon Joint''', it is known as '''Fox Wedging'''.


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	----		----
	* If required, the sawn '''Tenons''' can be '''[[Paring\|Pared]]''' to the gauge lines with a sharp '''[[Chisels\|Chisel]]''' ''(but a good crafts-person will produce joints 'off the saw'!)''		* If required, the sawn '''Tenons''' can be '''[[Paring\|Pared]]''' to the gauge lines with a sharp '''[[Chisels\|Chisel]]''' ''(but a good crafts-person will produce joints 'off the saw'!)''
	[[File:TenonParing.png\|200px\|right]]		[[File:TenonParing.png\|200px\|left]]
	~~<div style="clear: both;"></div>~~		[[File:TenonSawingHaunch.png \|300px\|right]]


	* For a '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon Joint''', the '''Haunches are cut using a '''[[Tenon Saw]]'''.		* For a '''Haunched Mortise and Tenon Joint''', the '''Haunches are cut using a '''[[Tenon Saw]]'''.
	~~[[File:TenonSawingHaunch.png \|200px\|right]]~~


	<div style="clear: both;"></div>		<div style="clear: both;"></div>
	=====Cutting Mortises=====		=====Cutting Mortises=====
			There are several ways to cut the '''Mortises''':
	[[File:CuttingMortise.png\|300px\|right]]		[[File:CuttingMortise.png\|300px\|right]]
	~~There are several ways to cut the '''Mortises''':~~
	* '''Using a [[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]'''		* '''Using a [[Chisels\|Mortise Chisel]]'''
	** Grip the work firmly in a '''[[Carpenters Vice]]''' and set it deep in to the jaws to add side support as the joint is cut ''(if needed, scap wood could also be placed under the work-piece to add support under)''.		** Grip the work firmly in a '''[[Carpenters Vice]]''' and set it deep in to the jaws to add side support as the joint is cut ''(if needed, scap wood could also be placed under the work-piece to add support under)''.
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	** Where it is undesirable to show the '''Haunch''' at the end, the '''Tenon''' shoulder can be sloped and this also can close off a [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28joinery%29 '''Groove'''].		** Where it is undesirable to show the '''Haunch''' at the end, the '''Tenon''' shoulder can be sloped and this also can close off a [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_%28joinery%29 '''Groove'''].
	** '''Tenons''' with such sloping shoulders are also known as '''Gunstock Mortise and Tenons'''.		** '''Tenons''' with such sloping shoulders are also known as '''Gunstock Mortise and Tenons'''.


	<div style="clear: both;"></div>		<div style="clear: both;"></div>
	[[File:BarefacedLongShort.png\|~~200px~~\|right]]		[[File:BarefacedLongShort.png\|150px\|right]]
	* '''Barefaced and Long and Short Shouldered Mortise and Tenon'''		* '''Barefaced and Long and Short Shouldered Mortise and Tenon'''
	** Used in situations where it is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet '''Rebate'''] ''(aka Rabbet)'' running round the inside of a frame.		** Used in situations where it is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet '''Rebate'''] ''(aka Rabbet)'' running round the inside of a frame.
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	** To close off the end of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet '''Rebate'''], one shoulder of the '''Tenon''' can be made to extend in to it to create a '''Long and Short Shoulder Mortise and Tenon'''.		** To close off the end of a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbet '''Rebate'''], one shoulder of the '''Tenon''' can be made to extend in to it to create a '''Long and Short Shoulder Mortise and Tenon'''.
	<div style="clear: both;"></div>		<div style="clear: both;"></div>


	[[File:RailTenons.png\|200px\|right]]		[[File:RailTenons.png\|200px\|right]]
	* '''Tenoned Rails'''		* '''Tenoned Rails'''
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	** This orientation can be useful where table cross-rails meet end frames for example.		** This orientation can be useful where table cross-rails meet end frames for example.
	<div style="clear: both;"></div>		<div style="clear: both;"></div>


	[[File:TwinStub.png\|200px\|right]]		[[File:TwinStub.png\|200px\|right]]
	* '''Double and Twin Tenons'''		* '''Double and Twin Tenons'''
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	** '''Twin Tenons''' are used on thick timber and are also a useful joint to connect wide rails to end frames as shown.		** '''Twin Tenons''' are used on thick timber and are also a useful joint to connect wide rails to end frames as shown.
	** '''Twin Tenons''' can be used on the end of a shelf for example, perhaps which is also '''[[Housing Joint\|Housed]]''' into the carcass sides, and if '''Through Tenons''', can be used with contrasting wedges to create a decorative effect on the outside of the cabinet.		** '''Twin Tenons''' can be used on the end of a shelf for example, perhaps which is also '''[[Housing Joint\|Housed]]''' into the carcass sides, and if '''Through Tenons''', can be used with contrasting wedges to create a decorative effect on the outside of the cabinet.


	<div style="clear: both;"></div>		<div style="clear: both;"></div>
	[[File:TuskTenon.png\|200px\|right]]		[[File:TuskTenon.png\|200px\|right]]
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	** They may also have pegs or wedges inserted to pull them tighter into the ''Mortise''' - these are known as '''Tusk Tenons'''.		** They may also have pegs or wedges inserted to pull them tighter into the ''Mortise''' - these are known as '''Tusk Tenons'''.
	<div style="clear: both;"></div>		<div style="clear: both;"></div>


	[[File:WedgedTenon.png\|200px\|right]]		[[File:WedgedTenon.png\|200px\|right]]
	* '''Wedging Tenons'''		* '''Wedging Tenons'''