Proportion, Pattern, Shape and Form - Revision history

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			For a more detailed ''(and richly illustrated)'' reference to this topic see '''Kurt Rowland's''' book '''<dtamazon product="B0006CU9ZS" type="text">'Pattern and Shape'</dtamazon>''' ''(from the excellent '''<dtamazon product="B0006CU9ZS" type="text">'Looking and Seeing'</dtamazon>''' series)''. '''Kurt Rowland''' published also a series of 5 booklets, complete with Teachers' Notes, entitled '''<dtamazon product="B003BF6KP0" type="text">'Learning to See'</dtamazon>''' which can be used as a complete course on the subject. Although both series were first published some time ago they continue to provide a fascinating insight into how we might develop our visual literacy and understanding.


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			=====Description=====

	'''Proportion''', '''Pattern''', '''Shape''' and '''Form''' are each [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_elements_and_principles#Scale.2Fproportion elements] of design and designing encountered in '''[[Design and Technology]]'''.		'''Proportion''', '''Pattern''', '''Shape''' and '''Form''' are each [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_elements_and_principles#Scale.2Fproportion elements] of design and designing encountered in '''[[Design and Technology]]'''.

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			=====Proportion=====

	~~=====Proportion=====~~
	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportion_%28architecture%29 '''Proportion'''] describes the relationship of one dimension, object, or space in relation to another. Well '''Proportioned''' shapes are perceived to be visually pleasing and harmonious. Guidance on what constitutes '''Good Proportion''' has been influenced by nature and the human form through the work of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvius'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci '''Leonardo da Vinci'''] amongst others and exemplified as the '''[[Fibonacci Series]]''' or '''[[Corbusier's Modulor]]'''.		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportion_%28architecture%29 '''Proportion'''] describes the relationship of one dimension, object, or space in relation to another. Well '''Proportioned''' shapes are perceived to be visually pleasing and harmonious. Guidance on what constitutes '''Good Proportion''' has been influenced by nature and the human form through the work of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvius'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci '''Leonardo da Vinci'''] amongst others and exemplified as the '''[[Fibonacci Series]]''' or '''[[Corbusier's Modulor]]'''.


	=====Pattern=====		=====Pattern=====

	[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern '''Pattern'''] is not confined to surface decoration but refers also to the arrangement of shapes within a designed object ''(e.g. drawers and cupboards in furniture, partitions in storage units and windows in a building)'' and patterns from nature ''(e.g. arrangement of seeds in a pod or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''Grain'''] in timber)''. Patterns may involve geometric, natural or random shapes and be symmetrical or otherwise. Some are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation '''Tesselations'''] and create tiling patterns, others are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal '''Fractals'''], both geometric and natural ''(e.g. ferns and snowflakes)''.		[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern '''Pattern'''] is not confined to surface decoration but refers also to the arrangement of shapes within a designed object ''(e.g. drawers and cupboards in furniture, partitions in storage units and windows in a building)'' and patterns from nature ''(e.g. arrangement of seeds in a pod or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''Grain'''] in timber)''. Patterns may involve geometric, natural or random shapes and be symmetrical or otherwise. Some are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation '''Tesselations'''] and create tiling patterns, others are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal '''Fractals'''], both geometric and natural ''(e.g. ferns and snowflakes)''.


	=====Shape=====		=====Shape=====

	* The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape '''Shapes'''] we use include: regular and irregular shapes, geometric, random and shapes from nature.		* The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape '''Shapes'''] we use include: regular and irregular shapes, geometric, random and shapes from nature.
	** '''[[Polygons]]''' can be regular or irregular shapes. They can be constructed using '''[[Drawing Instruments]]''', by drawing round a '''[[Template]]''' or automatically generated by a '''[[CAD]]''' program.		** '''[[Polygons]]''' can be regular or irregular shapes. They can be constructed using '''[[Drawing Instruments]]''', by drawing round a '''[[Template]]''' or automatically generated by a '''[[CAD]]''' program.
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	=====Form=====		=====Form=====

	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_art '''Form'''] describes objects in three dimensions and may be natural or manufactured. In either case, '''Form''' is a consequence of forces or processes acting on a material ''(e.g. the smooth rounded '''Form''' of a pebble is a result of constant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering weathering] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion erosion])''. Manufactured '''Forms''' result from the use of specific tools and processes and 'good' design will reflect this by using shapes and forms which are 'off the tool'.		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_art '''Form'''] describes objects in three dimensions and may be natural or manufactured. In either case, '''Form''' is a consequence of forces or processes acting on a material ''(e.g. the smooth rounded '''Form''' of a pebble is a result of constant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering weathering] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion erosion])''. Manufactured '''Forms''' result from the use of specific tools and processes and 'good' design will reflect this by using shapes and forms which are 'off the tool'.
	* All manufactured '''Forms''' can be produced by:		* All manufactured '''Forms''' can be produced by:
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'''Proportion''', '''Pattern''', '''Shape''' and '''Form''' are each [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_elements_and_principles#Scale.2Fproportion elements] of design and designing encountered in '''[[Design and Technology]]'''.

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=====Proportion=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportion_%28architecture%29 '''Proportion'''] describes the relationship of one dimension, object, or space in relation to another. Well '''Proportioned''' shapes are perceived to be visually pleasing and harmonious. Guidance on what constitutes '''Good Proportion''' has been influenced by nature and the human form through the work of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvius'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci '''Leonardo da Vinci'''] amongst others and exemplified as the '''[[Fibonacci Series]]''' or '''[[Corbusier's Modulor]]'''.

=====Pattern=====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern '''Pattern'''] is not confined to surface decoration but refers also to the arrangement of shapes within a designed object ''(e.g. drawers and cupboards in furniture, partitions in storage units and windows in a building)'' and patterns from nature ''(e.g. arrangement of seeds in a pod or the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''Grain'''] in timber)''. Patterns may involve geometric, natural or random shapes and be symmetrical or otherwise. Some are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation '''Tesselations'''] and create tiling patterns, others are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal '''Fractals'''], both geometric and natural ''(e.g. ferns and snowflakes)''.

=====Shape=====
* The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape '''Shapes'''] we use include: regular and irregular shapes, geometric, random and shapes from nature.
** '''[[Polygons]]''' can be regular or irregular shapes. They can be constructed using '''[[Drawing Instruments]]''', by drawing round a '''[[Template]]''' or automatically generated by a '''[[CAD]]''' program.
** '''Random''' shapes can be generated by scribbling on a sheet of paper or drawing a series of criss-cross lines, and identifying the shapes in-between them.
** '''Natural''' shapes are all around us in animals, plants and land forms for example. Others can be seen only with a microscope ''(and here there are many regular geometric shapes also)''. The shape of leaves, petals, seed pods and fish are used frequently, often ''stylised'' into a geometric version, and the commonly used [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine_shape '''Serpentine Shape'''] is based on a snake.

=====Form=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_art '''Form'''] describes objects in three dimensions and may be natural or manufactured. In either case, '''Form''' is a consequence of forces or processes acting on a material ''(e.g. the smooth rounded '''Form''' of a pebble is a result of constant [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering weathering] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion erosion])''. Manufactured '''Forms''' result from the use of specific tools and processes and 'good' design will reflect this by using shapes and forms which are 'off the tool'.
* All manufactured '''Forms''' can be produced by:
** Addition - i.e assembling parts.
** Reduction - i.e. cutting out of a solid piece.
** Reforming - i.e. moulding or casting in some way.
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<span style="color: green">'''Note:'''
Considering how the design of a manufactured object or part may change if its '''Form''' is created by each of the 3 methods listed is a useful design activity sometimes referred to as a '''[[Morphological Analysis]]'''
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