Timber Conversion - Revision history

Phil: spelling correction gain->grain x 2

2018-08-04T15:27:24Z

spelling correction gain->grain x 2

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:27, 4 August 2018
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	The appearance of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''Wood ~~Gain~~'''] is affected by the way the board is cut. '''Annular Rings''' at a steep angle to the face will appear as straight grain whereas if at a shallow angle, or '''Tangentially Cut''', a wavy grain figure is produced. Also, just as with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''End ~~Gain~~'''], the ends of the '''Annular Rings''' resist wear and so [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sawing '''Quarter Sawn'''] timber is not only the most stable but also the most hard wearing. Furthermore, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sawing '''Quarter Sawn'''] timber, because it is radially cut, shows the radial [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] on the face of some timbers.		The appearance of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''Wood Grain'''] is affected by the way the board is cut. '''Annular Rings''' at a steep angle to the face will appear as straight grain whereas if at a shallow angle, or '''Tangentially Cut''', a wavy grain figure is produced. Also, just as with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''End Grain'''], the ends of the '''Annular Rings''' resist wear and so [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sawing '''Quarter Sawn'''] timber is not only the most stable but also the most hard wearing. Furthermore, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sawing '''Quarter Sawn'''] timber, because it is radially cut, shows the radial [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] on the face of some timbers.

DT Online at 11:41, 16 April 2018

2018-04-16T11:41:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:41, 16 April 2018
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	======Plain Sawn, Tangentially Cut Timber======		======• Plain Sawn, Tangentially Cut Timber======

	'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''[[Timber Defects\|Cupping]]'''.		'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''[[Timber Defects\|Cupping]]'''.
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	======Quarter Sawn, Radially Cut Timber======		======• Quarter Sawn, Radially Cut Timber======

	'''Radially Cut''' timber produces the most stable and hard wearing timber but it is also the most expensive. Annual growth rings form an angle greater than 45<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board. '''Live Sawing''' produces only a limited amount of '''Quarter Sawn''' boards and '''Quarter Sawing''' can involve the log being repositioned many times to produce the radial cuts, which increases cost. It also results in more waste. '''Quarter Sawing''' may be used for timbers such a Oak for example, because cutting along its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] will produce the much prized highly figured Oak.		'''Radially Cut''' timber produces the most stable and hard wearing timber but it is also the most expensive. Annual growth rings form an angle greater than 45<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board. '''Live Sawing''' produces only a limited amount of '''Quarter Sawn''' boards and '''Quarter Sawing''' can involve the log being repositioned many times to produce the radial cuts, which increases cost. It also results in more waste. '''Quarter Sawing''' may be used for timbers such a Oak for example, because cutting along its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] will produce the much prized highly figured Oak.
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	======Rift Sawn Timber======		======• Rift Sawn Timber======

	'''Rift Sawn''' ''(shown shaded)'' is the cut which falls between '''Plain Sawn''' and true '''Quarter Sawn'''. Annual growth rings form an angle between 30<sup>0</sup> and 60<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board making it suitable for quality floor boards, for example, because it wears well and is reasonably stable. It is straight grained but, because it is not '''Radially Cut''' does not reveal any 'silver ribbon' grain features in timbers such as Oak.		'''Rift Sawn''' ''(shown shaded)'' is the cut which falls between '''Plain Sawn''' and true '''Quarter Sawn'''. Annual growth rings form an angle between 30<sup>0</sup> and 60<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board making it suitable for quality floor boards, for example, because it wears well and is reasonably stable. It is straight grained but, because it is not '''Radially Cut''' does not reveal any 'silver ribbon' grain features in timbers such as Oak.

DT Online at 23:07, 4 January 2018

2018-01-04T23:07:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:07, 4 January 2018
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	======Plain Sawn, Tangentially Cut Timber======		======Plain Sawn, Tangentially Cut Timber======

	'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''Cupping'''.		'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''[[Timber Defects\|Cupping]]'''.
	[[File:QuarterSawn.png \|150px\|right\|Quarter Sawing Timber]]		[[File:QuarterSawn.png \|150px\|right\|Quarter Sawing Timber]]

DT Online: Added Category

2018-01-04T13:54:41Z

Added Category

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	[[Category:Materials and Components]]		[[Category:Materials and Components]]
			[[Category:Timber]]

DT Online at 13:03, 2 January 2018

2018-01-02T13:03:33Z

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	A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots, and after throwing away the '''Sapwood''' being, ‘‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called 'clearstock'.’’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [Ref: De Architectura, Book II, 9.7, 4]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.		A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots, and after throwing away the '''Sapwood''' being, ‘‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called 'clearstock'.’’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [Ref: De Architectura, Book II, 9.7, 4] from [http://structuralarchaeology.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/vitruvius-on-trees.html Vitruvius on Trees]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.



	A few hundred years later, around 3AD the '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Romans]]''' developed a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill '''Water-powered Sawmill'''] but even after, these were not common across Europe until the 18th Century.		A few hundred years later, around 3AD the '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Romans]]''' developed a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill '''Water-powered Sawmill'''] but even after, these were not common across Europe until the 18th Century.

DT Online at 12:12, 2 January 2018

2018-01-02T12:12:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:12, 2 January 2018
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	A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots, and after throwing away the '''Sapwood''' being, ‘‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called 'clearstock'.’’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [Ref: De Architectura]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.		A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots, and after throwing away the '''Sapwood''' being, ‘‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called 'clearstock'.’’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [Ref: De Architectura, Book II, 9.7, 4]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.

DT Online at 12:03, 2 January 2018

2018-01-02T12:03:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:03, 2 January 2018
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	[[File:StoffelsSägeMühle2.JPG\|300px\|right\|StoffelsSägeMühle2]]		[[File:StoffelsSägeMühle2.JPG\|300px\|right\|StoffelsSägeMühle2]]
	Early saws were not as efficient as modern versions, and mostly powered only by hand, so it is probable that many logs were [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaving_axe#Cleaving Cleaved] since this is relatively easily done whilst logs are in their '''''green''''' state. A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots, and after throwing away the '''Sapwood''' being, ‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called "clearstock."’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [De Architectura]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.		Early saws were not as efficient as modern versions, and mostly powered only by hand, so it is probable that many logs were [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaving_axe#Cleaving Cleaved] since this is relatively easily done whilst logs are in their '''''green''''' state.


			A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots, and after throwing away the '''Sapwood''' being, ‘‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called 'clearstock'.’’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [Ref: De Architectura]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.


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	'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''Cupping'''.		'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''Cupping'''.
			[[File:QuarterSawn.png \|150px\|right\|Quarter Sawing Timber]]


	~~[[File:QuarterSawn.png \|150px\|right\|Quarter Sawing Timber]]~~
	======Quarter Sawn, Radially Cut Timber======		======Quarter Sawn, Radially Cut Timber======

	'''Radially Cut''' timber produces the most stable and hard wearing timber but it is also the most expensive. Annual growth rings form an angle greater than 45<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board. '''Live Sawing''' produces only a limited amount of '''Quarter Sawn''' boards and '''Quarter Sawing''' can involve the log being repositioned many times to produce the radial cuts, which increases cost. It also results in more waste. '''Quarter Sawing''' may be used for timbers such a Oak for example, because cutting along its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] will produce the much prized highly figured Oak.		'''Radially Cut''' timber produces the most stable and hard wearing timber but it is also the most expensive. Annual growth rings form an angle greater than 45<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board. '''Live Sawing''' produces only a limited amount of '''Quarter Sawn''' boards and '''Quarter Sawing''' can involve the log being repositioned many times to produce the radial cuts, which increases cost. It also results in more waste. '''Quarter Sawing''' may be used for timbers such a Oak for example, because cutting along its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] will produce the much prized highly figured Oak.
			[[File:RiftSawn.png\|150px\|right\|Quarter and Rift Sawing Timber]]


	~~[[File:RiftSawn.png\|150px\|right\|Quarter and Rift Sawing Timber]]~~
	======Rift Sawn Timber======		======Rift Sawn Timber======

DT Online at 08:39, 2 January 2018

2018-01-02T08:39:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:39, 2 January 2018
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	======Rift Sawn Timber======		======Rift Sawn Timber======

	'''Rift Sawn''' is the cut which falls between '''Plain Sawn''' and true '''Quarter Sawn'''. Annual growth rings form an angle between 30<sup>0</sup> and 60<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board making it suitable for quality floor boards, for example, because it wears well and is reasonably stable. It is straight grained but, because it is not '''Radially Cut''' does not reveal any 'silver ribbon' grain features in timbers such as OK.		'''Rift Sawn''' ''(shown shaded)'' is the cut which falls between '''Plain Sawn''' and true '''Quarter Sawn'''. Annual growth rings form an angle between 30<sup>0</sup> and 60<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board making it suitable for quality floor boards, for example, because it wears well and is reasonably stable. It is straight grained but, because it is not '''Radially Cut''' does not reveal any 'silver ribbon' grain features in timbers such as Oak.

	[[Category:Materials and Components]]		[[Category:Materials and Components]]

DT Online at 08:37, 2 January 2018

2018-01-02T08:37:18Z

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	[[File:Mendel I 065 v.jpg\|~~225px~~\|right\|Mendel I 065 v]]		[[File:Mendel I 065 v.jpg\|200px\|right\|Mendel I 065 v]]
	__TOC__		__TOC__

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	Soon after being cut down, or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felling '''Felled'''], trees should be cut into useable sections - a process known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber '''Conversion''']. A growing tree contains a high percentage of moisture and is most easily cut when in this '''''green''''' state. But the large amount of moisture also makes the tree heavy and so overhead cable-ways, railways and rivers are used to transport the logs to the timber yards - in addition to trucks where roads are possible.		Soon after being cut down, or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felling '''Felled'''], trees should be cut into useable sections - a process known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber '''Conversion''']. A growing tree contains a high percentage of moisture and is most easily cut when in this '''''green''''' state. But the large amount of moisture also makes the tree heavy and so overhead cable-ways, railways and rivers are used to transport the logs to the timber yards - in addition to trucks where roads are possible.
			[[File:VitruviusBoxedHeart.png\|150px\|right\|Vitruvius Boxed Heart]]


	~~[[File:VitruviusBoxedHeart.png\|200px\|right\|Vitruvius Boxed Heart]]~~
	=====History=====		=====History=====

	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_saw '''Saws'''] are known to have existed in '''[[:Category:Ancient Egypt\|Ancient Egypt]]''' from illustrations at the tomb of Nebamun and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipuki Ipuki] in Thebes for example. In addition, there are many engravings and other illustrations showing the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages\|Medieval]]''' use of large two-handed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipsaw '''Frame Saws'''] over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_pit '''Saw Pit'''] - and the later development of powered sawmills.		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_saw '''Saws'''] are known to have existed in '''[[:Category:Ancient Egypt\|Ancient Egypt]]''' from illustrations at the tomb of Nebamun and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipuki Ipuki] in Thebes for example. In addition, there are many engravings and other illustrations showing the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages\|Medieval]]''' use of large two-handed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipsaw '''Frame Saws'''] over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_pit '''Saw Pit'''] - and the later development of powered sawmills.


	Early saws were not as efficient as modern versions, and mostly powered only by hand, so it is probable that many logs were [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaving_axe#Cleaving Cleaved] since this is relatively easily done whilst logs are in their '''''green''''' state.


	[[File:StoffelsSägeMühle2.JPG\|300px\|right\|StoffelsSägeMühle2]]		[[File:StoffelsSägeMühle2.JPG\|300px\|right\|StoffelsSägeMühle2]]
	A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots, and after the '''Sapwood''' ~~is thrown away~~, ~~being~~ ‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called "clearstock."’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [De Architectura]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.		Early saws were not as efficient as modern versions, and mostly powered only by hand, so it is probable that many logs were [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaving_axe#Cleaving Cleaved] since this is relatively easily done whilst logs are in their '''''green''''' state. A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots, and after throwing away the '''Sapwood''' being, ‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called "clearstock."’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [De Architectura]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.


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	[[File:PlainQuarterRiftsawnDifferenceDiagram.png\|~~250px~~\|right\|Differences between Plain, Rift and Quarter Sawn timber conversion]]		[[File:PlainQuarterRiftsawnDifferenceDiagram.png\|200px\|right\|Differences between Plain, Rift and Quarter Sawn timber conversion]]
	=====Characteristics of Different Boards=====		=====Characteristics of Different Boards=====

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	The appearance of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''Wood Gain'''] is affected by the way the board is cut. '''Annular Rings''' at a steep angle to the face will appear as straight grain whereas if at a shallow angle, or '''Tangentially Cut''', a wavy grain figure is produced. Also, just as with [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''End Gain'''], the ends of the '''Annular Rings''' resist wear and so [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sawing '''Quarter Sawn'''] timber is not only the most stable but also the most hard wearing. Furthermore, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sawing '''Quarter Sawn'''] timber, because it is radially cut, shows the radial [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] on the face of some timbers.		The appearance of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''Wood Gain'''] is affected by the way the board is cut. '''Annular Rings''' at a steep angle to the face will appear as straight grain whereas if at a shallow angle, or '''Tangentially Cut''', a wavy grain figure is produced. Also, just as with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_grain '''End Gain'''], the ends of the '''Annular Rings''' resist wear and so [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sawing '''Quarter Sawn'''] timber is not only the most stable but also the most hard wearing. Furthermore, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter_sawing '''Quarter Sawn'''] timber, because it is radially cut, shows the radial [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] on the face of some timbers.


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	'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''Cupping'''.		'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''Cupping'''.
	~~[[File:QuarterSawn.png \|175px\|right\|Quarter Sawing Timber]]~~


			[[File:QuarterSawn.png \|150px\|right\|Quarter Sawing Timber]]
	======Quarter Sawn, Radially Cut Timber======		======Quarter Sawn, Radially Cut Timber======

	'''Radially Cut''' timber produces the most stable and hard wearing timber but it is also the most expensive. Annual growth rings form an angle greater than 45<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board. '''Live Sawing''' produces only a limited amount of '''Quarter Sawn''' boards and '''Quarter Sawing''' can involve the log being repositioned many times to produce the radial cuts, which ~~is costly~~. It also results in more waste. '''Quarter Sawing''' may be used for timbers such a Oak for example, because cutting along its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] will produce the much prized figured Oak.		'''Radially Cut''' timber produces the most stable and hard wearing timber but it is also the most expensive. Annual growth rings form an angle greater than 45<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board. '''Live Sawing''' produces only a limited amount of '''Quarter Sawn''' boards and '''Quarter Sawing''' can involve the log being repositioned many times to produce the radial cuts, which increases cost. It also results in more waste. '''Quarter Sawing''' may be used for timbers such a Oak for example, because cutting along its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] will produce the much prized highly figured Oak.
	~~[[File:RiftSawn.png\|175px\|right\|Quarter and Rift Sawing Timber]]~~


			[[File:RiftSawn.png\|150px\|right\|Quarter and Rift Sawing Timber]]
	======Rift Sawn Timber======		======Rift Sawn Timber======

	'''Rift Sawn'~~'' ''(shown shaded)~~'' is the cut which falls between '''Plain Sawn''' and true '''Quarter Sawn'''. Annual growth rings form an angle between 30<sup>0</sup> and 60<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board making it suitable for quality floor boards, for example, because it wears well and is reasonably stable. It is straight grained but, because it is not '''Radially Cut''' does not reveal any 'silver ribbon' grain features in timbers such as ~~Oak~~.		'''Rift Sawn''' is the cut which falls between '''Plain Sawn''' and true '''Quarter Sawn'''. Annual growth rings form an angle between 30<sup>0</sup> and 60<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board making it suitable for quality floor boards, for example, because it wears well and is reasonably stable. It is straight grained but, because it is not '''Radially Cut''' does not reveal any 'silver ribbon' grain features in timbers such as OK.

	[[Category:Materials and Components]]		[[Category:Materials and Components]]

DT Online at 08:22, 2 January 2018

2018-01-02T08:22:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:22, 2 January 2018
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	[[File:Mendel I 065 v.jpg\|~~200px~~\|right\|Mendel I 065 v]]		[[File:Mendel I 065 v.jpg\|225px\|right\|Mendel I 065 v]]
	__TOC__		__TOC__

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	=====Introduction=====		=====Introduction=====

	Soon after being cut down, or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felling '''Felled'''], trees should be cut into useable sections - a process known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber '''Conversion''']. A growing tree contains a high percentage of moisture and is most easily cut when in this '''''green''''' state. But the large amount of moisture also makes the tree heavy and so overhead cable-ways, railways and rivers are used to transport the logs to the timber yards in addition to trucks where roads are possible.		Soon after being cut down, or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felling '''Felled'''], trees should be cut into useable sections - a process known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber '''Conversion''']. A growing tree contains a high percentage of moisture and is most easily cut when in this '''''green''''' state. But the large amount of moisture also makes the tree heavy and so overhead cable-ways, railways and rivers are used to transport the logs to the timber yards - in addition to trucks where roads are possible.
	~~[[File:VitruviusBoxedHeart.png\|150px\|right\|Vitruvius Boxed Heart]]~~


			[[File:VitruviusBoxedHeart.png\|200px\|right\|Vitruvius Boxed Heart]]
	=====History=====		=====History=====

	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_saw '''Saws'''] are known to have existed in '''[[:Category:Ancient Egypt\|Ancient Egypt]]''' from illustrations at the tomb of Nebamun and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipuki Ipuki] in Thebes for example. In addition, there are many engravings and other illustrations showing the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages\|Medieval]]''' use of large two-handed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipsaw '''Frame Saws'''] over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_pit '''Saw Pit'''] - and the later development of powered sawmills.		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_saw '''Saws'''] are known to have existed in '''[[:Category:Ancient Egypt\|Ancient Egypt]]''' from illustrations at the tomb of Nebamun and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipuki Ipuki] in Thebes for example. In addition, there are many engravings and other illustrations showing the '''[[:Category:Middle Ages\|Medieval]]''' use of large two-handed [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipsaw '''Frame Saws'''] over a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_pit '''Saw Pit'''] - and the later development of powered sawmills.


			Early saws were not as efficient as modern versions, and mostly powered only by hand, so it is probable that many logs were [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaving_axe#Cleaving Cleaved] since this is relatively easily done whilst logs are in their '''''green''''' state.


	[[File:StoffelsSägeMühle2.JPG\|300px\|right\|StoffelsSägeMühle2]]		[[File:StoffelsSägeMühle2.JPG\|300px\|right\|StoffelsSägeMühle2]]
	Early saws were not as efficient as modern versions, and mostly powered only by hand, so it is probable that many logs were [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaving_axe#Cleaving Cleaved] since this is relatively easily done whilst logs are in their '''''green''''' state. A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots being, ‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called "clearstock."’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [De Architectura]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.		A '''[[:Category:The Romans\|Roman]]''' engineer called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius '''Vitruvious'''], a contemporary of Julius Caesar, refers to the lowest part of the tree which is free of knots, and after the '''Sapwood''' is thrown away, being ‘'''''split''' up into four pieces and prepared for joiner's work, and so is called "clearstock."’ - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura [De Architectura]]''. This provides an early description of '''Timber Conversion'''.



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	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_saw '''Gang Saws'''] are still used and during the mid-19th Century steam powered [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill '''Circular Saws'''] were introduced leading on to the the '''Double Circular Saw''' - with one blade above the other to enable larger ~~diameters~~ to be cut.		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_saw '''Gang Saws'''] are still used and during the mid-19th Century steam powered [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill '''Circular Saws'''] were introduced leading on to the the '''Double Circular Saw''' - with one blade above the other to enable larger diameter logs to be cut.


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	[[File:PlainQuarterRiftsawnDifferenceDiagram.png\|~~200px~~\|right\|Differences between Plain, Rift and Quarter Sawn timber conversion]]		[[File:PlainQuarterRiftsawnDifferenceDiagram.png\|250px\|right\|Differences between Plain, Rift and Quarter Sawn timber conversion]]
	=====Characteristics of Different Boards=====		=====Characteristics of Different Boards=====

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	'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''Cupping'''.		'''Plain Sawn''' timber is the most inexpensive and common type of cut. The growth rings are generally 30<sup>0</sup> or less to the face of the board. It is known as '''Tangentially Cut''' timber and is used extensively in the building industry ''(e.g. for joists etc.)''. The resulting wood displays a wavy pattern on the face of the board. Because of the curve of the growth rings this timber is most prone to '''Cupping'''.
			[[File:QuarterSawn.png \|175px\|right\|Quarter Sawing Timber]]


	~~[[File:QuarterSawn.png \|150px\|right\|Quarter Sawing Timber]]~~
	======Quarter Sawn, Radially Cut Timber======		======Quarter Sawn, Radially Cut Timber======

	'''Radially Cut''' timber produces the most stable and hard wearing timber but it is also the most expensive. Annual growth rings form an angle greater than 45<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board. ~~Economic~~ '''Live Sawing''' produces only a limited amount of '''Quarter Sawn''' boards and '''Quarter Sawing''' can involve the log being repositioned many times to produce the radial cuts. It also results in more waste. '''Quarter Sawing''' may be used for timbers such a Oak for example, because cutting along its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] will produce the much prized ~~highly~~ figured Oak.		'''Radially Cut''' timber produces the most stable and hard wearing timber but it is also the most expensive. Annual growth rings form an angle greater than 45<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board. '''Live Sawing''' produces only a limited amount of '''Quarter Sawn''' boards and '''Quarter Sawing''' can involve the log being repositioned many times to produce the radial cuts, which is costly. It also results in more waste. '''Quarter Sawing''' may be used for timbers such a Oak for example, because cutting along its [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_ray_(botany) '''Medullary Rays'''] will produce the much prized figured Oak.
			[[File:RiftSawn.png\|175px\|right\|Quarter and Rift Sawing Timber]]


	~~[[File:RiftSawn.png\|150px\|right\|Quarter and Rift Sawing Timber]]~~
	======Rift Sawn Timber======		======Rift Sawn Timber======

	'''Rift Sawn''' is the cut which falls between '''Plain Sawn''' and true '''Quarter Sawn'''. Annual growth rings form an angle between 30<sup>0</sup> and 60<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board making it suitable for quality floor boards, for example, because it wears well and is reasonably stable. IT is straight grained but, because it is not '''Radially Cut''' ~~however,~~ does not reveal any 'silver ribbon' grain features in timbers such as OK.		'''Rift Sawn''' ''(shown shaded)'' is the cut which falls between '''Plain Sawn''' and true '''Quarter Sawn'''. Annual growth rings form an angle between 30<sup>0</sup> and 60<sup>0</sup> to the face of the board making it suitable for quality floor boards, for example, because it wears well and is reasonably stable. It is straight grained but, because it is not '''Radially Cut''' does not reveal any 'silver ribbon' grain features in timbers such as Oak.

	[[Category:Materials and Components]]		[[Category:Materials and Components]]