Ancient Egyptian Sundials

Description

The Egyptians divided the day into two cycles of 12 hours each and conceived the modern 365-day, 12 month calendar by adding five days to the Babylonian 360-day calendar. The ancient Egyptian civil calendar had three seasons: 1-Akhet (Flooding); 2-Peret (Growing or Sowing); and 3-Shemu (Harvest). Each season had four months with 30 days. The additional five days were tacked onto the end of Harvest and set aside for feasting during the annual flooding of the Nile.

Text and illustrations of the time suggest that the Merkhet was used to mark time at night by noting when particular stars sank below a horizon line. Some design features of the Merkhets discovered, and inscriptions or markings on them, suggest that they may also have been used as Shadow Clocks or Sundials.

Sunrise at the Summer Solstice of the time would have been at around 6am and so Noon (when the sun is directly overhead) would have been the 6th hour of the day. A Merkhet would need to be oriented to the East for the morning hours and West after Midday. A hand-held Merkhet would also have to be held horizontal. To achieve this, each Merkhet discovered has a small vertical groove at one end and this could have been used to guide the built-in Plum Bob. There is some speculation that a cross bar might have been added to the upturned end to widen the shadow cast and there are small indentations on some Merkhets discovered which might support this. [DT Online: Equally, the indentations could have been used to locate packing pieces to accommodate the different heights of the sun in the various seasons - or neither of these explanations!]

A more conventional sundial dating to the 13th century B.C. and considered one of the oldest Egyptian sundials, was discovered in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, the burial place of rulers from Egypt's New Kingdom period (around 1550 B.C. to 1070 B.C.). The sundial is made of a flattened piece of limestone, called an Ostracon, with a black semicircle divided into 12 sections drawn on top, 15 degrees apart. Small dots in the middle of each of the 12 sections may have served to give more precise times. A dent in the centre of the Ostracon probably marks where a metal or wooden peg was inserted to cast a shadow and reveal the time of day.

Modern Sundials

At their simplest, Sundials comprise a rod (known as the Gnomon) casting the sun's shadow onto a flat plate. They are commonly mounted either horizontally or vertically but other variations also exist (e.g. on curved plates).

Gnomons should point to the True North and be set at an angle such that it runs parallel to the Earth's axis. This is achieved by setting it to an angle to the horizontal which is equal to the Latitude of the mounting location (e.g. 51⁰30' in London). Horizontal dials should be set level and vertical dials either placed on a South-facing wall or the Gnomon angled such that the shadow at noon is vertical.

Activity: Search the Internet for more information on how Sundials work (e.g. The British Sundial Society).